Homelessness of Veterans Essay Example for Free

Homelessness of Veterans EssayThe threat of homelessness amongst veterans has become an increasingly growing issue. Through my extensive research I have found multiple reasons as to why this threat has occurred. Some examples of these be things such as the transition from army to civilian life, post-traumatic direction disorder (PTSD), and poverty. I am going to apply the functionalist and encroach perspectives in explaining the problems of homelessness amongst veterans.The first institution that fails veterans is the military. From the functionalist perspective the manifest function of the military is to train and structure a person into what is necessary to protect and serve their country. The potential functions of the military are to educate and to apprehend benefits such as health care and housing. Although these latent functions for the most part only apply to those currently enlisted. The dysfunctions of the military include abuse, corruption, lack of social support , and lack of training on how to function and survive when placed back into civilian life.As a result of these functions conflicts are made such as competition, constraints, and power struggles. The manifest, latent, and dysfunctions relate to competition in that the military is always trying to excel to superiority at any cost. The essential of its soldiers is not a top priority. The constraints of these functions are ones set by the standards of the military. The good or the bad is not achieved unless the military allows for it. The manifest, latent, and dysfunctions relate to power struggles in that the militaries eventual(prenominal) goal is to become as powerful as can be. This includes power over its soldiers. This power can limit the benefits that a soldier may receive and also the point to which a soldier is pushed.The second institution that fails the veteran is family. From the functionalist perspective the manifest function of family is to provide a structure in which agent of living are met. The latent function of family is love and a social support. The dysfunction of family is abuse and neglect which can lead to the lack of money done divorce or abandonment.As a result of these functions conflicts are made such as constraints, coercion, and powers struggles. The constraints of the manifest, latent, and dysfunctions are created by the lack of money or the business leader to find a job or even affordable housing. The coercion of these functions are fighting which can lead to divorce. The power struggles of these functions may be stress and pressure applied to the members of the family from other members.The third institution that fails the veteran is the giving medication. From the functionalist perspective the manifest function of the brass is to provide stability and safety. The latent function of the disposal is a source of social support through programs for when there are dysfunctions in other institutions. The dysfunctions of the gove rnment are things such as popularity competition when electing government officials and profiting off of the poor.As a result of these functions conflicts are made such as competition, constraints, and power struggles. The manifest, latent, and dysfunctions relate to competition based on that it is a invariable competition between programs for which the government will fund. The programs that are unfortunate enough not to receive government funding may fail as a result. The constraints of these functions in government are the limitations that are placed on people due to many things such as social status. The coercion of these functions in government are theft and fighting which in some cases are done in order to survive.Homelessness amongst veterans results from a complex set of circumstances due to the bankruptcy of these institutions which in turn force them to choose between even the basic needs that any human must have in order to survive. By using the functionalist and conflic t perspectives I have demonstrated in what ways these institutions, military, family, and government, have failed veterans causing them to become homeless.

Supply chain manager Essay Example for Free

communicate chain manager Essay week 1(Chapter 1)Logistics and the provide ChainCourse OutlineEconomic Impacts of LogisticsLogistics What is itThe Increased Importance of LogisticsActivities in the Logistics ChannelAs your first step in getting started with this course, please break in yourself in the Student Profiles. Please sh atomic number 18 who you are, where you work, what your comfort level with the on-line technology is, and what is your reason for taking this program? Attach a photo if you are able. calendar week 2(Chapter 2)Logistics and Information TechnologyGeneral Types of Information Management SystemsElectronic Commerce and LogisticsElectronic Data InterchangeEnterprise Resource prepWeek 3(Chapter 3)Logistics Systems ControlsFinancial and Accounting ControlsWorker ProductivityProduct RecallsControlling Returned and Salvaged GoodsPilferage and TheftMaintaining Channel and Supply-Chain IntegrityWeek 4(Chapter 4)Managerial Issues in LogisticsTheft and PilferageLogist ics Social ResponsibilityManaging Reverse LogisticsLessening the Impact of Terrorism on Logistics SystemsWeek 5(Chapter 5)The Supply-Chain ConceptKey Attributes of Supply-Chain ManagementBarriers to Supply-Chain ManagementSupply Chain Management and Integration SummaryCase Study One canvas Case 5-1 Johnson Toy Company. Answer questions 1 to 8 (See fitting instructions posted). Your answers are to be submitted to the submissions exposure before the end of the week.Week 6(Chapter 6)ProcurementPurchasing for ResaleProcuring ServicesE-ProcurementQuality ProgramsPurchasing EthicsWeek 7(Chapter 7)Demand Management, Order Management and guest ServiceOrder ManagementThe Role of Logistics in Establishing Customer Service Levels Measuring and Controlling Customer ServiceMeeting Customer Service DemandsCase Study Two Read Case 7-1 Handy Andy, Inc.. Answer questions 1 to 8 (See assignment instructions posted). Your answers are to be submitted to the submissions icon before the end of t he week.Week 8(Chapter 8)Inventory ManagementInventory ClassificationsInventory Related CostsWhen to OrderHow more to ReorderInventory FlowsSpecial Concerns to Inventory ManagementEOQ Mathematical Questions (See handout for assigned question). Your answers are to be submitted to the submissions icon before the end of the week.Week 9(Chapter 9)Your copy of the take home test is located in the Lecture Tab for lecture 9.Distribution Centre, Warehouse and Plant LocationLogistics Acronyms (See Acronyms Attachment)General Factors Influencing ease LocationsFinding the Lowest Cost LocationFacility Relocation and Facility ClosingTake Home Test Due Your answers are to be submitted to the submissions icon before the end of the week. Week 10(Chapter 10)Warehousing ManagementPublic, Private and Contract WarehousingDesign Considerations in WarehousingWarehousing OperationsWeek 11(Chapter 11)Protective Packaging and Materials HandlingProduct CharacteristicsPackagingUnit Loads in Materials Handli ngMaterials HandlingWeek 12(Chapter 12)TransportationSmall-Volume Shippers liberal Bulk ShippersProject CargoOversized MovesHazardous MaterialsTransportation Regulation and DeregulationWeek 13(Chapter 13 and 14)Transportation ManagementRate aim and NegotiationRate Regulatory BodiesDocumentationLoss and DamageDumurrage and DetentionTransportation of Hazardous MaterialsConsolidating Small QualityCase Study Three Read Case 14-1 Nurnberg Augsburg Maschinenwerke. Answer questions 1 to 8 (See assignment instructions posted). Your answers are to be submitted to the submissions icon before the end of the week.

Analysis Of Bohemian Rhapsody Music Essay

Analysis Of Bohemian Rhapsody Music EssayBohemian Rhapsody was recorded by the British contention mass queen. Released in October 31, 1975, Bohemian Rhapsody was greeted like a miracle from heaven in the largely head offren musical ground of the mid-Seventies. At the time it was produced like roughly expensive single. Brian May thought of that the tracks main album A night At The Opera as their Sgt Pepper. It was the original time that an opera passage had been feature with a pop record and reached number one place. The straining obviously has a very unique structure and the operatic section was planned to be a lot shorter, but when they got to the studio they decided to make it bigger.The claim was recorded at the Roundhouse studios, located in Wales in positionicular the Rockfield studio 1. Freddie hydrargyrum is the writer of the song in any case keyboard player and a lead vocalist in the band. He wrote the song in his smooth while he was act to develop a complex song , which would consist of more than three sections. Using a structure that leans towards a more classical approach, which was in contrast to the contemporaneous-pop make at that time. According to Brian May most of the song was written in a studio environment, but the rest of the band claim that Freddie had everything in his spike before that. Interestingly enough the song hasnt got a chorus, but just a complex layer of verses and main separate including a b completelyad verse, an operatic passage, a heavy rock solo and a classical outro.Queens prowess at layered vocal harmonies, dominated by Mercurys soaring operatics, was insurgent to none, while Brian Mays multitracked guitar orchestrations were arguably the most creative contributions to the instrument since Jimi Hendrix. In the studio the band embraced the innovative break withs laid down during the psychedelic and progressive eras, and took them to some other plain. go they relied on but a simple instrumental line-up of G uitar, Bass, Piano and Drums, they played them like they were new inventions and in doing so, delivered a genuinely new, epic slant on rock. Launched into the age of glitter, it was no surprise when Queens flam boyance earned them a glam rocker tag. Although studio technology played a vital part in the stunning results, what must not be overlooked is the natural tone of Mays homemade guitar, his vibrato technique and the use at all times of a liquid sixpence in place of a pick. Brians great strength was in phrasing a part and wherefore double-tracking or harmonizing very accurately.The title of the song has a powerful rock ideology the word Bohemian could be traced to the practice of an unorthodox lifestyle. That could be associated with like-minded people having musical and artistic or qualities.A rhapsody can be described as music in a one-movement work that is episodic yet integrated, free-flowing in structure, featuring a range of highly contrasted moods, colour and tonality. A burst of sudden inspiration and a sense of improvisation make it freer in form than a set of variationsBohemian rhapsody was the biggest victor in radio and charts for queen. They achieved that with introduction of a video clip to the song that was broadcasted heavily on radio and television. It was punishingly influenced by the media hype they created with their experiments previous albums. The overt expected to hear such an experimental approach. Queen had a previous attempt in a similar form that was used in the song the The march of the black queen which didnt reach the success of Bohemian Rhapsody.The band wanted to become famous with that kind of song and they achieved it, because of their musical geniuses.They band had round attempts to reach popularity with similar songs in structure and form. But they didnt receive the deserved media attention. Freddie needed to write something like that for a long time. With the high standard of contemporary and classical mix of lit erary genres bohemian rhapsody clearly represents the album Night at the opera and still is one of the most epical contemporary albums nowadays. The recording physical process took three weeks, and the song was changed many times until the final piece was produced.The classical genre of opera has invaded well(p)ly all aspects of popular culture. Especially one inbred sphere of popular culture that has remained relatively immune to operatic influence is rock music. Even when hearing the song for first base time and you didnt know who atomic number 18 queen, the operatic influence and form in the whole album be clearly distinguishable. They are combined in symbiosis with their progressive and experimental hard-rock genre from their previous albums to create something unique that was never heard before on this scale with that kind of success.The song consists of six sections introduction, ballad, guitar solo, opera, hard rock, and outro. This format, with abrupt changes in style, tone, and tempo, was unusual to rock music.Intro part (000-048)The song begins with a cappella multitrack layered vocals. The tonal centre of this part is in B mat, Although the music video shows that the whole band is singing at the beginning, Fredie recorded it by himself. The lyrics are questioning if this is the real life or a fantasy, almost like hes dreaming not sincerely aware of whats going on. And then he goes open your eyes look up to the skies and see. It means to free yourself and realize. When he says Im just a poor boy hes speaking in first person you can feel the tragic character on his voice.The melody of the voice, doesnt fully represent the true tones sung by FreddieFIG 1Analysis of the first part. agree influences In the first bar the song begins with a B flat six chord. Then in that respect is a Cmaj7 which alternates with Bflat6. In the third bar theres Fmaj7 and Cm7 emphasizing on a dominant function with the fa in octaves at fifth time, which resolves i n B flat alternating with CM7.FIG2FIG2 , act bar Gm which is the parallel minor of B flat. Bflat, acts as a III mediant and then goes to the other mediant on VI functionFIG3 second bar goes to Cm and then to the subdominant IV Fmaj and on forth time modulates to Bmaj(FIG4) the concordance moves chromatically through Bflatmaj and A for the first devil nix resolving to Bflatmaj and in the fourth bar eventually goes to IV subdominant Eflatmaj piteous through Bflat with a third in the bass.FIG5 First bar skeletal C which acts as a subdominant moves to the dominant with a fifth in the bass Fmaj following a classical cadence that resolves to Bflat on the third bar. The harmony is in arpeggio, with octaves on G and F, which could be interpreted as a sixth chord Bflat6Ballad (049-237)FIG6 This part of the song is recurrent twice in a verse. Everything is the corresponding except for the lyrics. Second bar goes to the VI mediant Gminor moving through II Cm and stays there until the third time, first bar on figure6 when it goes to the dominant F. The movement, I VI II V can be characterized as a chain of fifths root-motion. The arrangement is quite bare in the first verse. Theres piano and bass played, but no guitars or backing vocals. The introduction of drums is retained until the beginning of the second verse, entering along with the double tracked circle guitars.FIG7Following the verse instalment the same passage Bflat-GminorFIG8And heres an interesting alternated cadence which changes the whole structure of the verse with Cm7 that passes through augmented B and reaches stability in the subdominant Eflatmaj-5 that leads to the dominant Fmaj-3bass and the semitone movement in the bass on third time changes the function to minor and the G predisposes to Eflatmaj- Bflatmaj-3.The similarity between the two parts of the section is easily distinguishable. The first has a more straight-ahead progression, but the second one is a variant.FIG9C minor - F minor - Bflatmaj that act as a dominant to Eflatmaj, The transition of a key shifting doesnt seem that obvious, partially using a modulation that is executed smoothly and its difficult to detect. On the other hand, the tonal center of the part steps along the new key.FIG10First volta begins with the tonal centre of Eflatmaj which moves to dominant V Bflatmaj and then to the VI mediant Cminor moving through a minor subdominant Amflat. This function suggests of a melodic major scale with flattened VI and VII, which resolves to Eflatmaj. And the same sequence repeated with a Eflat diminished - Fminor7 to leads the harmony to the second verse in this part with two bars in Bflatmaj.FIG11Second volta is entirely a guitar solo that leads to the abutting part of the song. Chord functionsFirst bar Eflatmaj- third beat Bflatmaj-3 second bar Cminor and third bar Fminor.Guitar solo (237-303)The band builds up intensity that reaches the peak and flood tide in this part.(figure) First bar Bflat7 - se cond bar Eflatmaj - third beat Gminor-5, fourth bar is in Cminor, fifth bar in Fminor, sixth bar is moves through Dflatmaj, dflatmaj with c in bass and Bflat minor. Brian recorded his own version of Freddies melody instead copying it.FIG12The solo is in a mixolydian scale, because the scales from Bflat to Bflat have an A flat alteration a flattened seventh that is necessary for the eflatmaj. The harmony in the last bar of the solo changes chromatically as it the key changes to A, which is is a drastical change. The operatic segment enters immediately as Mays solo abruptly concludesOpera (303-408)FIG13The choir effect was created by having May, Mercury, and Taylor sing their vocal parts continually for ten to dozen hours a day. Multi track layered vocals that mimic a wall of sound can be heard throughout this part. According to Roger Taylor they had sufficient vocal qualities to accomplish that. Freddie was good in the middle of the range, Brian had a powerful low voice and Taylor was singing the highest tones. They have used a 24track tape machine to record all these parts in a three weeks period.This part of the song is strongly operatic. It hasnt got a clear measurement and even thou it begins in Amajor with clear chromatic pattern that goes D major, A major, A diminished, and back to A major that is repeated twice and then continues with the subdominant move FIG13D major, A major, D major, A major, A diminished, A major, D major, A major. On thunderbolts it shifts to Dflatmajor with aflat in the bass, Aflatmajor followed by a Cmajor with fifth in bass and Emajor that suggests a very classical culmination of the wording rarely used in rock music. Many of the lyrics in this part are phrases of the Quran.The word Scaramouch means A stock character that appears as a boastful coward.FIG14Fig cannot be characterized with a tonal centre Freddie and Taylor are repeating a chromatic phrase in octaves, which resolves in another wall of layered vocals. The word Gal ileo was used for Brian May who was interested astronomy and Galileo Galilei was a famous scientist. Magnifico means magnificent in Italian.FIG15At the second bar and then it returns to the previos pattern of chromatic melody accompanied by rapid changes in harmony as it follows from the third bar Bmaj, Bflatmaj, Amajor, BflatmajFIG16The same chord sequence as in the previous bar is repeated. On the second bar in the chorus section the harmony progression changes toAflatmaj, Eflatmaj, Eflat diminished, and goes the back to Eflatmaj, which seems to be the same chord sequence as in used in the beginning of the operatic part, Dmaj, Amaj, Adiminished, Amaj therefore the tonal centre should be Eflatmaj. The whole sequence repeated once once more in the third bar.FIG17Aflatmaj and Eflat in the first bar resolve to Fmaj and Bflatmaj accompanied with the melody. At the third bar theres an intro to the solo part of narrator whos negotiating for his life continues in a chromatic movement Afla tmaj, Eflatmaj-3, Fsharp diminished and Fminor-7. The absence of minor chords is quite drastic, but not unexpected for acapela passage.FIG18The first two bars follow the harmonic sequence Bmaj, Bflatmaj, Amaj, Bflat this movement is chromatic in semitones gradually reaching the dominant Bflat and resolves in Eflat at the third bar. Bismillah is one of those voice communication taken from the Quran and it literally means In the name of Allah. In this part clearly the narrator is struggling to save his life, but the judges are not going to let him go. The whole message is repeated once again.FIG19On the phrase will not let you go theres a strong accent as if its been chopped to impose an authority expression. Also taylor plays on the floor tom in quavers as if hes banging the judges hammer. The lyrical phrase let him go is in Eflatmaj and suggests that someone is also pleading for his innocence. We will not let you go is in Bflat emphasizing on a dominant function.FIG20The whole harm onic sequence is repeated once again to dramatize the struggle and negotiation, until it reaches another layered wall of vocals.FIG20In the second bar the harmony changes to Gflat7. On the pharese No no no theres a chord progression Bminor, Amajor, Dmajor, Dflatmajor, GflatmajFIG21, Bflatmaj dominant chord and resolving in Eflatmaj. With the narrator in solo, whos moaning and whining with the phrase florists chrysanthemum mia. Bflat on let me go resolving to-FIG22Eflatmaj, Aflatmaj,and Dmajor, Gminor in the second bar moving towards Bflat on the third and staying on a dominant chord for the next four bars.FIG23And changing the pulsation to triplets until finally resolving to EflatmajorHard rock (408-455)This part begins with a solo intro performed by May that ends in Fminor. It has a rather aggressive and angry approach compared to the dramatic previous part.FIG24The harmony on the verse follows the chord sequence Bflat7, Eflat7-5, Bflatmaj, EflatFig25Bflat in the first bar and the n a pause of 2 beats for the voice in Dflat Brian plays on it. The verse sequence repeats, butFIG26On the phrase die goes to Aflatmaj, Fminor and Bflatmaj on Oh fluff and then again Fminor on cant do this to me babyFIG27Bflatmaj followed by Fminor with a seventh this time. The sequence is repeated twice until reaching FIG28Eflatmajor in the first bar followed by an instrumental solo, gradually slowing down and decreasing the velocity.Outro (455-555)The song returns to the pace and form of the intro part. The guitar is playing along with the vocals Ooh ahh. Theres a second guitar melody played as a second voice that was recorded with a different amp. Lyric wise the phrase Nothing really matters appears again from the beginning of the song and is accompanied by an arpegiated piano that is suggesting a resignation and dramatic images with the usage of minor chords. At the very end of the song theres a sound of a big gong that is emphasizing on the completeness of the whole song struct ure.Roy Thomas Baker recorded the song using just a single microphone on the snare, U67 or U87 on the toms and overheads. An AKG D12 was used on the bass drum. John Taylors bass was recorded via direct input into the desk. They have also recorded the bass with a cabinet to pick up the air movement with Electrovoice 666 and Neuman U67. Freddies piano was miked up using two Neuman U67 in a two-channel pair and a shure vocal microphone for his voice. Brian may used Vox AC30 amp (backless) they also set up some microphones behind the amp and near the wall to capture some ambience and the full spectrum of the guitar sound. While the first three albums had been made using a 16-track equipment, Bohemian Rhapsody benefitted from the 24 track technology. concordant analysis referenced to a simple score of the piece provided by lecturer.

Mechanisms Of Conservative And Replicative Transposition Biology Essay

Mechanisms Of Conservative And Replicative Transposition Biology EssayBacterio bacterio bacterio bacteriophage Mu is a temperate phage which adopts blow alley in its life cycle. Mu has the capability to integrate into numerous locates in drove Escherichia coli genome and cause mutations due to its insertional activation. Mu trans start outs via two major pathways conservative and replicative black eye though the molecular switch between the two mechanisms remain unknown. This review will focus on the comparisons between replicative and conservative heterotaxy. The first part will cont check the similarities between the two mechanisms donor desoxyribonucleic acid partitioning rate and strand transfer gradation which involves nucleophilic attacks, generating single-strand nicks in Mu deoxyribonucleic acid and joining it to signal deoxyribonucleic acid via trip the light fantastic toe transesterification mechanism. The latter(prenominal) part will concentrate on the unali ke characteristics in each transposition mechanism in replicative transposition, the end product is duplication of transposon model in both tush and horde DNA while in conservative transposition, a simple insertion of transposon is produced in the nates DNA.1. Characteristics of bacteriophage MuPhage, derived from the Greek word phagein, literally nub to eat. Bacteriophage Mu was named as such(find unwrap who did) due its nature of infecting and inducing high levels of mutation in host bacteria Escherichia coli., hence the name Mu for mutator. The dual nature of Mu transposon and virus has made it as the archetypal model of studying phage genetics. Bacteriophage Mu is a temperate phage of E. coli which employs the transposition mechanism in its life cycle. Transposition can either be conservative (excising the transposon and inserting it into bacterial chromosome) or replicative (transposon copies argon produced in both transposon and bacterial chromosome). Both mechanisms w ill be discussed extensively later in this article. Unlike the phage , insertion of Mu genome into the tush site proceeds in a randomly manner which makes it an excellent mutator.Fig. 1 The life cycle of bacteriophage Mu(5).The life cycle of phage Mu is shown schematically in Fig. 1 above. Bacteriophage Mu infect susceptible host cell by adsorption and then, injects its linear viral genome. Once inside the host cell, the linear genome does non circularized(4,5,19), unlike in phage . In either case of lytic or lysogenic phase, Mu integrates its DNA into the host genome via conservative transposition(16,19). This is observed differently in phage where the infecting phage DNA will be integrated into host genome only during lysogenization(19). An enzyme called transposase, encoded by MuA gene in the phage genome, is absolutely crucial to carry out this conservative transposition tone. Phage DNA is inserted at multiple sites in a bacterial genome which lead to the assumption that the insertion occur by a random manner(8). However, on that point argon several factors that influence order site selection such as MuA protein ability and transposition immunity(15).After integration, Mu commonly adopts a quiescent prophage lifestyle(lysogenic phase). The preference between lysogenic and lytic phase in Mu life cycle is dependent on its stability in the lysogen and lysogenic repressors. However, lysogens of Mu phage sometimes enrol the lytic phase though this is a r be event. When induced, usually by using temperature-sensitive repressor mutants of phage Mu and subject it at 42C, the lysogen will enter lytic cycle. When the lysogenic repressor is inactivated, Mu transposes via replicative transposition, producing copies of phage genome which will be packaged into new virions. The virions then lyse the host cell and infect new hosts. Bacteriophage Mu virions comprised of icosahedral head(diameter 54nm), a baseplate, a contractile tail and six short tail fibres(5).F ig. 2 Simplified cartoon illustrating furtherance of Mu genome. Typical length of phage Mu DNA is around 37kb long. Additional 2 kb of host DNA is incorporated during DNA packaging which is shown as flanking each end of the integrated Mu genome, with most of it at the office end. Unique ranges of host DNA and at the veracious end of the packaged DNA is dependent on initiation site of packaging in the host DNA(24).Fig. 3 Physical and genetic map of bacteriophage Mu. Solid black lines represent Mu DNA while the boxes at the two ends indicate flanking host DNA sequences. Mu genes (indicated in block letters) and their corresponding translational products are as indicated(19).A typical size of wild- token phage Mu DNA is about 37.5 kb, however each phage capsid can accommodate up to 39 kb long. Phage genome has a pac site which serves as the starting head up in packaging of the phage DNA, located at bottom attL(5). The initiation cleavage by phage enzyme terminase occurs upstre am of the phage pac site, which includes host sequence of about 50-150bp flanking the left end. endorse cleavage initiated when a complete filling of capsid is achieved, which includes 0.5 kb to 2 kb of host sequence flanking the right end(1). Genetic and physical map of phage Mu is illustrated in Fig. 3. Bacteriophage Mu utilizes headful mechanism strategy, which confer variable lengths of host DNA flanking the left ends of Mu DNA depending on the initiation site of genome packaging(Fig. 2).2. Transposition mechanism(E)(D)(C)(B)(A)Fig. 4 Modes of bacteriophage Mu transposition. (A), (B) and (C) are the common steps in both conservative and replicative transposition of phage Mu. In conservative and replicative transposition, phage Mu will follow-up step (D) and (E) respectively. Curved arrows indicate nucleophile attack, transferring the 3-OH ends to the staggered 5-phosphate ends of channelise DNA. Dentate lines (XXXX) indicate draw a bead on DNA sequences which are duplicated d uring transposition (16).Numerous in vitro studies have been conducted to study the mechanism of transposition, and usually mini-Mu fractions are used. A minimal Mu fragment consists of a selectable gene, a plasmid sideboard origin and essential Mu ends(2). The mechanism of transposition is discussed in respect to an in vitro system from this point onwards unless stated otherwise. Following discussion on transposition mechanism are based on Shapiro model(22) as it has been widely genuine as the golden model in this field.The current known modes of transposition is divided into two non-replicative (conservative) and replicative transposition. Both strategies utilize the same mechanism up to point (Fig. 4C) where each strategy employs different mechanism, producing different end products. A simple insertion of transposon is generated in target DNA by conservative transposition (Fig. 4D) while two copies of transposon formed in both donor and target DNA by replicative transposition (Fig. 4E). Point A to C are considered as the similar features in both conservative and replicative transposition while point D and E is the distinction between the two modes of transposition. Therefore, mechanisms involved in point A,B and C are discussed in context of both replicative and conservative transposition, which comprises of DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step. Sequential stages of both cleavage and strand transfer steps are illustrated in Fig. 4.2.1 Donor DNA cleavage stepTwo little chemical steps in both transposition pathways are donor DNA cleavage step and DNA strand transfer step(5,8). The donor DNA cleavage step is initiated when water tinges within an active site act as nucleophiles, and attack phosphodiester bond in DNA backbone at each of the transposon end(4,5). The cleavage step involves a direct hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond by water, and not by covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate(17). The phosphodiester bond is cleaved at the flanking host-transpo son DNA recantary. 3-hydroxyl (OH) ends of the Mu DNA are exposed at the end of the cleavage step. Strand transfer results in fusion of target and donor DNA, which forms an intermediate molecule (8). The process ( modify in Fig. 4C) follows the Shapiro model(22).Bacteriophage-encoded proteins, MuA protein (transposase) and MuB protein (ATPase) are required for transposition. Other requirements to ensure efficiency of transposition are accessory proteins such as host-encoded DNA bending proteins called hydroxyurea (HU) and integration host factor (IHF)(8). The inverted repeats at the end of donor DNA, and target sequence on bacterial chromosome are also important in transposition mechanism. The assembly of higher order protein-DNA multiformes called transposome has been identified by in vitro studies(6).A three-site synaptic complex called the LER complex comprising right and left ends of Mu and transpositional enhancer, was formed in the beginning of transposition in vitro(23). Mu A protein binds to MuA binding site at the ends of Mu DNA as monomer, and subsequently function as tetramer of MuA (transposase). Host IHF and HU protein were found to aid in governance and stabilisation of LER complex.The LER complex is relatively un persistent and so, is rapidly converted into stable synaptic complex (SSC), also known as type 0 complex(17). This is the critical checkpoint before any chemical reaction is carried out as it is the rate-limiting step of cleavage reaction(6). A stable synapse between tetramer of MuA and the two ends of Mu DNA is made but no cleavage is initiated yet at this point. Nonetheless, the active site is structurally occupied to the region around the scissile phosphate while the flanking DNA are destabilized upon physical composition of the SSC complex(6). In addition to formation of a stable synapse, the Mu ends needs to be properly-oriented, a super coiled DNA topology, and accessory DNA sites are also important to proceed to the next step. Formation of SSC usually is short-lived in presence of Mg2+ but can be accumulated in presence of suitable divalent cations such as Ca2+,which promotes the formation of SSC(8,17).Next, SSC is converted into a type 1 transposome complex, also called as cleaved donor complex(CDC)(9). The 3 ends of Mu DNA are nicked in presence of Mg2+. Two subunits of MuA tetramer, that are associated with the sites that undergo cleavage, assemble in trans battle array which favours the strand transfer reaction(5). The formation of CDC can then be thought as the result of donor DNA cleavage step. Type 1 transposome complex exhibits greater stability than the type 0 complex though MuA forms structural and functional core in both transposome complexes(6). In addition of stably bound tetramer of MuA proteins, there are loosely associated MuA proteins present in the CDC as well. In absence of MuB protein, MuA tetramer is unable to promote strand transfer reaction unless these extra MuA proteins are pres ent. MuB protein is an ATP-dependent DNA-binding protein, which also acts as an allosteric activator of Mu transposase (MuA proteins)(21). Transposition can still proceed in absence of MuB proteins, but MuA protein by itself is only 1% efficient(3).2.2 Strand transfer stepA hallmark of this step is the formation of strand transfer complex (STC), also known as type 2 transposome complex. The end product of STC is formation of a branch molecule(Shapiro intermediate) which is characterized by a covalent interaction between donor DNA and target DNA via 5bp single-stranded crevices and its structure(22). MuB protein first captures a target molecule and bring it to the vicinity of the transposome complex, forming a TC complex(6). Formation of TC complexes rapidly undergo one-step transesterification reaction, which is the rate-limiting step in the strand transfer step. Interestingly, recruiting of target molecules by MuB proteins and formation of TC complexes can occur at several time point during the reaction pathway(6). This is a particularly efficient step to maximise transposition potential as it would speed up rate of strand transfers during transposition.The free 3-OH ends produced from the cleavage step act as nucleophile and attack phosphates of target DNA at the 5 ends. 5-nucleotides long offset nicks are made in the target DNA, generating a staggered arrangement(3). At this stage, the MuA proteins(transposase) are still tightly bound to the branched molecule with single stranded gaps. This pose an obstruction for the assembly of replication fork by host replication factors. The structure of the branched molecule is simplified in (C) of Fig. 4.The forming of this intermediate molecule serves as the critical point which distinguish between conservative and replicative transposition. A widely accepted model is that the resolving of this co-integrate molecule by a special resolvase complex leads to double copies of transposon being made in both donor and t arget site(REFerence). This is by definition, a replicative transposition pathway. Thus, the strand transfer complex is destabilized and disassembled by a system of eight E. coli host molecular proteins (DnaB helicase, DnaC protein, DnaG primase, DNA polymerase II, single-strand binding protein, DNA gyrase, DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase) and molecular chaperon called ClpX, producing cointegrates(13).This transition from transposome complex to a replisome results in duplication of 5-bp target DNA sequences flanking both ends of Mu DNA. Alternatively, if the bacteriophage Mu is to enter the conservative pathway, the co-integrate molecule is repaired or processed without performing Mu DNA replication. The end product of STC in a conservative transposition is a simple insertion of single mini-Mu element inserted into the target DNA(8). However, the mechanism of this model is poorly understood.Fig. 5 Transposome complexes involved during DNA cleavage complex and DNA strand transfer. (A ) A plasmid (gray line) bearing donor mini-Mu element (black line) DNA in the in vitro system is negatively coiled. (B) In presence of host HU protein, Mu A protein bind to the two ends of Mu DNA forming a stable synaptic complex (not shown). Assembly of MuA tetramer produces a nick at each ends of Mu DNA, creating a cleaved donor complex (CDC). (C) Nicked 3 ends of Mu DNA are joined together to target DNA in presence of MuB protein forming a strand transfer complex (STC). MuA tetramer is still tightly bound to the Mu ends in the STC. (D) In replicative transposition, a cointegrate molecule is produced when replication of target DNA initiated from the 3 Mu ends by host replication machinery (13).3. Replicative transpositionReplicative transposition was first appriseed by Ljungquist and Bukhari (1977) to occur in situ after induction of lysogens, which means that the Mu prophage was not excised from host chromosome during transposition(14). The lysogens were digested with restrictio n enzymes which cleaves both host and Mu DNA at specific restriction sites. Two of the fragments from the restriction digests contain both host and Mu DNA, which corresponds to junctions between host and prophage DNA, suggesting that prophage DNA is replicated in situ of host chromosome(19). Several genetic and biochemical predictions made in the Shapiro model have been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro studies, hence this model is accepted as a plausible mechanism to explain transposition in phage Mu.Numerous techniques have been do to study the direction of replication of Mu DNA during transposition. Results obtained by annealing of Okazaki fragments to separated strands of Mu DNA shows that more than 80% of Mu molecules replication proceed from left to right end(11,19). electron microscopical observation of mini-Mu element shows that replicating molecules in vitro replicate from both ends in equal probability(11,19). Replication of Mu DNA is accepted to be predominantly unidirectional, that is from left towards the right end(20). Intramolecular replication pathway can result in inversion, deletion, and simple insertion while intermolecular events can produce co-integrate molecules(19). In the case of Mu transposition, formation of co-integrate molecule needs to be resolved in order to produce two replicons one molecule contains transposon and target DNA while other molecule contains transposon and donor DNA(10).4. Conservative transpositionThe main characteristic of conservative transposition is that phage DNA is not replicated prior to integration. Upon infection of a susceptible host cell (usually E. coli), Mu employs conservative, or also called non-replicative transposition to transfer its genome to the target site. As discussed earlier, conservative transposition pathway follows single strand nicks at the 3 ends of Mu DNA, of which the exposed 3-OH ends join to the staggered cut target DNA at the 5ends forming a co-integrate molecule. The co- integrate or so-called Shapiro intermediate is repaired and generates a simple insertion in the target DNA though the mechanism is still poorly understood.Shapiro model emphasized on single-stranded nicks at Mu ends, joining of Mu to a staggered double-strand break in target DNA, formation of an intermediate molecule, and shedding of heterogeneous of previous host DNA sequences after ligation in conservative pathway(22). On the other hand, Morisato and Kleckner (1984) proposed a different mechanism based on results with Tn10 transposition. Their model is double-stranded cleavages at the transposon ends generating an excised transposon, which then circularizes via ligation on one of the strands(18). It predicts shedding of host sequences from the Mu DNA ends before ligation into the new target DNA. Study of Mu transposition using plasmid substrates in vitro produced results in favour of the Shapiro model, and hence this model has been widely accepted and used in studies.Fig. 6 A mode l of conservative transposition which utilizes double-strand cleavages during integration. (A) Transposase bind to the inverted repeats at Mu-host boundary sites and cleaves off the transposon away. (B) Transposase made a staggered cut at target sequence of which exposed 3-OH ends of transposon attacks 5-phosphate ends of the host (not shown). The transposon then joins to the host sequence. Duplicated target sequence of 5-bp are completed by host replication machinery (7).The debate on single-strand or double-strand cleavage however does not end there. If phage Mu were to utilize the Shapiro model of transposition during integration (the well-established cointegrate mechanism), the flanking host sequences would remain bound to Mu ends. This would clearly pose a problem as subsequent target-primed replication of the linear integrant would not work, or simply break the chromosome(1). Evidently, results from in vitro experiments are against this as the transposition end products contai n transposon, suggesting a complete transposition process have been accomplished. So, does the infecting Mu DNA utilize the Shapiro model where the cointegrate molecule gets processed and repaired, prior to replication at the flanking sequence? Or does it follow a cut-and-paste mechanism where both strands of Mu DNA gets cleaved off from the flanking host DNA sequence (as illustrated in Fig. 6), where no cointegrate molecule is generated, which eventually means, there is no need for resolve by replication?An in vitro experiment was done by Au et al. (2006) to observe the fate of flanking host DNA sequences upon phage Mu infection. Specific markers specific to the infecting phage Mu DNA as well as the donor host (lacZ/proB) were used. These markers were acquired from the host in which the phage had been propagated but absent in the host being infected(1). Upon infection of plasmids by bacteriophage Mu, signal for flanking sequences and Mu DNA were detected in the chromosome at the sa me time point (approximately at endorsement 8), which correspond to the integration time point of Mu. Subsequent expression of lacZ and proB were detected maximally at minute 15, significantly reduced at minute 30 and by minute 50, expression were halted(1). Maximal expression at minute 15 most likely corresponds to climax of integration of the infecting phage population. These findings strongly suggest that flanking sequences get integrated together with Mu DNA into the new target site and are subsequently, removed by a special mechanism(which explained the undetectable expression at minute 50). This then proves that infecting phage Mu employs an alternate cointegrate mechanism (also called as nick-join-process mechanism) in conservative transposition pathway, where the Mu DNA undergo single-strand nicks, joins to the target DNA, and repaired before replication of the 5-bp gap left by the flanking sequence(1). The mechanism of removal and repair of host flanking sequence however, remains ambiguous.ConclusionDual nature of bacteriophage Mu, a transposable element and a virus, is certainly interesting but what is more fascinating is that it utilizes both replicative and non-replicative transposition throughout its life cycle. The former mechanism produces a transposon copy in both donor and target DNA while the latter usually generates a simple insertion of transposon in the target DNA, leaving a gap in the host DNA which most likely will get degraded.In the early stages, both replicative and conservative transposition pathway share a similar mechanism. Regardless of the transposition pathway, infecting Mu DNA during the first round of infection will integrate its DNA into the target chromosome via two critical steps donor DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step. Mu uses a phosphoryl transfer involving nucleophilic attacks of water on phosphodiester bonds of Mu DNA, producing single-strand nicks. A second nucleophilic attack by exposed 3-ends of Mu DNA on 5-ends of target phosphodiester bonds, which then joins the Mu DNA to target DNA via one-step transesterification mechanism. A series of transposome complexes are formed throughout these processes including Mu-encoded MuA proteins(transposase) and MuB proteins(ATPase). A cointegrate is produced in both pathways but in replicative transposition, this intermediate molecule is resolved producing two replicons with transposon copy in each molecule. In conservative transposition, the cointegrate is repaired generating a simple insertion in the target DNA. Hence, it is more accurate to name conservative transposition as nick-join-process rather than the conventional cut-and-paste mechanism as the latter suggest double-strand nicks at the transposon end, which has been proven inaccurate by in vitro experiments. Both transposition pathways have been compared extensively in this review but much(prenominal) of functional core of the mechanisms remain to be understood.(2944 words)

Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)

Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)Sarbanes-Oxley ActIn the aftermath of the post-boom financial scandals in the U.S., Congress revised significantly federal securities laws and ratified the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002 (SOX). As noted by Coffee (2006, p. 16), the intent of the new lawmaking was to protect the integrity of financial describe by redesigning the network of institutions and intermediaries who served investors in order that the capital markets would not be carcassatically deceived again. SOX imposes several changes to the boldness and regulatory environment in the U.S. including, (1) heightened disclosure, (2) separation of analysts from underwriters, (3) requiring attorneys to root crimes or fraud without delay, and (4) requiring senior management to personally certify their corporations quarterly financial results. In addition, audit committees were given enhanced powers, with a new quasi- domain self-regulatory system put in place.Some observers have concluded that the overall impact of SOX is beneficial as a consequence of changed transp atomic number 18ncy and disclosure, with heightened monitoring providing go against manipulate of agency costs. Indeed, a ecesis metrics international survey (GMI) claims that U.S. companies have gone up to the top of an international comparison of corporate governance standards, leave behind the U.K. The report suggests due to SOX and similar reforms, the performance of large U.S. increase by over 10%.However, opponents of SOX have argued that the costs of compliance are excessive. For example, a survey of corporate wag members by Korn/Ferry International estimates that the costs of compliance average $5.1 million, while Parsons Consulting estimates that costs average $12.28 million for 70 British headquartered businesses. (Lorne N. Switze, 2007)The annual survey of Foley Lardner LLP suggests that the costs associated with SOX are particularly onerous for small and medium-sized companies, with sma ller firms lacking the requisite compliance infrastructure. Adherence to Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404 (Management judging of Internal Controls) is deemed in their survey to be the most problematic, with estimated compliance costs ranging from $350,000 to $1 million to assess and document the scope, adequacy, and overall effectiveness of the internal control structure and procedures. According to the most recent Foley Lardner survey, since the enactment of SOX the average cost of compliance for companies with under $1 billion in annual revenue has increased more than $1.8 million to approximately $2.9 million, representing a 174% overall increase. (Lorne N. Switze, 2007)The U.S. Government Accountability Office also has suggested that small businesses costs for implementing the disclosure requirements of SOX rules are disproportionately higher(prenominal) than large firms. Recently, the high costs of compliance have been alleged to the impetus for several international companies to d elist from U.S. exchanges.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act is the single most significant piece of legislation embracing corporate governance since the U.S. securities laws of the 1930s. At the forefront of this legislation, is the intent to restore public confidence and interest at a time when there was an descend of corporate scandals. The cost and financial cost of implementing the act will, no doubt, be significant. Two-thirds of IT executives surveyed explain that future investment in financial technologies is targeted to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (Strempel, 2004). A recent study indicated the average cost of being publicly traded for a company with less than $1 billion in annual revenue dead reckoning up $1.6 million due to this act. There is ground swell of objections to the acts implementation. However, the effort to restore public confidence and interest is priceless. Of interest is that despite the swelling of complaints by companies concerning the burden imposed by the a ct, 56% of a recent survey explained that they do not track and report internally on the costs of Sarbanes-Oxley and new(prenominal) compliance programs (Sri Forum Limited, 2003).The act is an attempt to restore public confidence that corporations have squandered away. A responsibility of public research is to inform the public to the diverse issues that surface. The advantages and disadvantages need to be discussed at length. A significant impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to make the board of directors more inquisitive of various items that are presented to them for approval. (Joseph J. Riotto, 2007)Historically, items presented to board of directors might have been a simple rubber stamp. Now, board of directors need to be aware of the ramifications of their approval. Recently, the percentage of chief executive officers who were forced out by their boards rose significantly. In fact, on average, directors are now spending 50% more time each month than before on their responsibi lities (Prentice, 2005). In short, it raises the profile of procedures for corporate function. There is mounting speculation that the act has decelerated corporate mergers and acquisitions. One rationale is that the due diligence process for acquisitions could conceivably be lengthened because of the directors pickings their responsibility more seriously. In addition, an effective compliance program can mitigate the amount of a criminal fine imposed under the acts guidelines improve processes to eliminate criminal opportunities establish requirement for corporate adherence to the act and promote good corporate citizenship.As far as the state and topical anaesthetic government sector is concerned, it might be in their best interests to further investigate and be proactive. Balancing the needs and expectations in this area is ideally through with(p) before it becomes a strict requirement. Compliance to the act is costing firms significant amounts of time, professional fees, and ot her resources (Beasley and Hermanson, 2004). Congress determined that the public interest is best saved by, not less regulation, but more regulation of corporate policy and governance. From the governments viewpoint, success is not measured solely by the bottom line, but by the optimization of public interest. A centralized corporate governance approach has been emphasized. The act has endorsed the Commission to promulgate such rules and regulations, as may be essential or suitable in the public interest or for the safety of investors, and in furtherance of this act. The passage of time might be the true riddle of the effectiveness of the act. Corporate fraud is essentially the product of the morality and ethics of management. (Joseph J. Riotto, 2007)To Conclude, One of the criticisms of SOX is that it overly burdens small-cap firms. The net benefits of SOX in the form of increased accountability of managers to act in shareholders interest outweigh the costs of increased disclosure and compliance. On the whole, the SOX support the substitutability of governance mechanisms for small-cap firms. Some sub-optimal deployment of the endogenous governance mechanisms is observed. Firm leverage is inversely related to performance. Laws are implemented so that they are followed however, there will always be those that look to circumvent the law. In short, the act is recognized as a dynamic document in the sense that additional rules can be implemented for the betterment of the public interest.ReferencesBeasley and Dana R. Hermanson, potent Compliance Programs in the Aftermath of Corporate Megascandals. Insights the Corporate and Securities Laws Advisor, Englewood Cliffs NY 18 (5) (2004), pp. 1218.Coffee, 2006 J. Coffee, Gatekeepers the professions and corporate governance, Oxford University Press, New York (2006).Joseph J. Riotto, Understanding the Sarbanes-Oxley Act next termA determine added approach for public interest, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, Septemb er 2007Lorne N. Switze, Corporate governance, Sarbanes-Oxley, and small-cap firm performance, The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Volume 47, Issue 5, December 2007, Pages 651-666Prentice, 2005 R. Prentice, disciple guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Thomson Publishing (2005).SriForum Limited, 2003 Sri Forum Limited. Sarbanes-Oxley almost integrated into corporate governance strategy NY. July 2003.Strempel, 2004 D. Strempel, Companies pay price for Sarbanes-Oxley, Fairfield County Bus J 43 (June 24) (2004), p. 11.

The Border Patrol State Essay -- Leslie Silko Illegal Drugs Smuggling

The Border Patrol State In The Border Patrol State Leslie Silko makes accusations of the border patrols mistreatment of American citizens of Mexican decent, making the argument with almost evidence. Silko, a critically acclaimed poet, sees the border patrol as a governmental assembly addicted to interrogation, torture, and the transfer of those they see fit. Leslie Silko certainly makes accusations that some could argue far exceed the boundaries of journalism integrity, and fail to deliver with evidence to back them up. The author of this piece is a Mexican-American breathing in the Southwest United States. The author is using personal experience to convey a problem to his or her audition. The audience of this piece is quite broad. prototypical and foremost, Mexican-Americans just like the author. People who can relate to what the author has to state, maybe someone who has experienced something similar. The author also seems to be seeking out an audience of white Americans who find themselves unaware of the problem at our borders. The author even offers up a warning to white America when she notes, White people change of location with brown people, however, can expect to be stopped on suspicion they work with the sanctuary movement(125). The purpose of this writing is to pull out a problem that is hidden within or society, and let people see it for what it is and isnt. This topic is a problem, but it may not be all that it is utter to be. Throughout this piece the author shows us what is wrong with system of keeping illegals out of our country. She opens talking of her cousin Bill Pratt, who she claims rode freely from New Mexico to Arizona without disturbances throughout the early 1900s. From a story of freedom of the past, s... ...ontradicting herself, and pointing the finger. Although she most likely has experienced these acts of unjust treatment, she seems to put the reader in the position to doubt the credibility of what she has to say time an d again.In wrapping up the analysis of Silkos paper the reader is left with a bitter taste. Although Silko points out an important issue, she seems to be in like manner overdramatic when telling of personal experience. Silko leaves the reader too skeptical of what she has to say. The reader has a hard time believing what they read. Silko finds refuge through her writing, but does not handle the subject with as much care as it is due. Silkos evidence to not justify her accusations, and that hurts the credibility of the work.Works CitedSilko, Leslie Marmon. (1994). The Border Patrol State. The Nation, vol. 259, no. 12, October 17, pp. 412416.

EMail Privacy Rights In Business Essay -- BTEC Business Marketing GCSE

E-mail Privacy Rights In BusinessI.AbstractHow far we have come in such a small time. When you think that the personal computer was invented in the early 1980s and by the end of the millennium, several households have two PCs, it is an astonishing outgrowth rate. And, when you consider business, I can look around the office and see that a lot of the cubicles contain more than one PC. It is astonishing to me that such an gunpoint has taken control over the information engineering science arena like personal computers. Consider, however, the items that go along with personal computers printers modems telephone lines for your modem scanners the software online access and lets non forget, e-mail addresses.E-mail, or electronic messaging, has taken over the communication theory world as the preferred method of exchanging information. From the simple, lets do lunch messages, to the ability to send a business associate anywhere in the world an e-mail with an attached document that contains 150 megabytes of information, e-mail is quickly replacing the telephone, the U.S. post-office, and even overnight spoken language services as primary method of exchanging important data.With the ability to create and send this instant information, the technology has far outpaced the education of how to use this phenomena, the affects of this technology on society, and how to prevent this method of communication from growing itself out of existence. Consider the following numbers on that point were about 23 million e-mail users in 1994There will be approximately 74 millions e-mail users in the year 2000Employees sent approximately 263 billion e-mail messages in 1994Employees will send approximately 4 trillion e-mail message in the year 2000A 1993 study by MacWorld magazine found that 22% of employers have engaged in searches of employer computer files, voice mail, electronic mail, or other network communicationsThe number of people subject to electronic s urveillance at work has increase from approximately 8 million in 1990 to more than 20 million in 1996.Nearly 60% of companies that monitor e-mail or other employee communications conceal doing so.Less than 20% of companies have a written policy on electronic monitoring.One of the major areas affected by this new technology is corporate America. Not onl... ...esley, Reading , MA.Bacard, A. E-Mail Privacy FAQ. On-Line. obtainable http//www.andrebacard.com/emaCasser, K. (1996). Employers, Employees, E-mail and The Internet. On-Line. Available http//cla.org/RuhBook/chp6.htmCavanaugh, M. Workplace Privacy in an Era of New Technologies. On-Line. Available http//www.ema.org/hypertext markup language/pubs/mmv2n3/workpriv.htmElectronic Communications Privacy Act (1986). On-Line. Available http//www.tscm.com/ecpa.htms2511Entwisle, S.M. E-mail and Privacy in the Workplace. On-Line Available http//www.acs.ucalgary.ca/smenwis/privacy.htmlFreibrun, E. (1994). E-mail Privacy in the Workplace - To What Extent?. On-Line. Available http//www.cl.ais.net/lawmsf/articl9.htmGan, M. (1996). Employee Rights & Email. On-Line. Available http//www.newsguild.org/d6t.htmLee, L. Watch Your E-Mail Employee E-Mail Monitoring and Privacy faithfulness in the Age of the Electronic Sweatshop.Morris, F. E-Mail Communications The Next Employment Law Nightmare. HR Advisor (July-August 1995).Oppedahl, C. (July 3, 1995). Security, Privacy, Discovery Issues Stem From E-Mail Communications. On-Line.