Economics and Environmental Hazards Essay

In the 21st century, global warming, littering, eat, and temperature rises shake off been the subject of focus for umteen scientists. While examining the many causes of global warming, scientists found fossil fuel emissions and CO2 emissions to be a major cause. Although Earth is known as the Blue Planet for its vast piddle sources, oftentimes of that pee is salt weewee. Only 3% of the Earth is fresh pee, and 70% of that is in glacial ice, unreachable by most. Thus, only 0. 5% of the Earth is do of usable fresh pee. This limited amount of pee is unsuitable for the grounds expanding population.Much of this peeing, however, can be easily conserved by chemise from bottled water to tap water. Through using tap water and conserving plastic, we can save 27 times the amount of water we reliablely are thriftiness, and use water sources wisely so as to not run out. Literature Review In the 1930s, the subjects of global warming, water, and lack of resources for fossil fuels beca me concern for Americans. The New York Times ran their head start global warming article in 1929, when it first was considered a allegory. Now that global warming has become a major concern for citizenry, we realize how much we have wasted natures resources- especially water.Although 75% percent of the Earth is made up of water, less than 1% is drinkable and accessible by people. Countless blogs, websites, newspapers, and academic journals, such as the Journal of Dental Association (2003) and BioMed Central (2009), describe how our thoughtless actions have led to water depletion. Through processing, we waste 26 liters of water to get 1 liter of bottled water. The bottles are made in China using crude oil and transported thousands of miles on oil-eating machines, causing the ozone horizontal surface to melt.There are now seldom disputes to the existence of ozone depletion, and media uses print and internet to support the cutting down on bottled water. Bottled Water Economics and Environmental Hazards. Thousands of old age ago, water was a gift from the gods, to be saved and cherished. It allowed ancient civilizations to bring about into structured societies, and gave people the ability to survive on domesticating animals and growing plants. Today, in the ripe world, water is often taken for granted, and has become a daily thing of our lives.We see water fountains everywhere, and bottled water can be purchased in bulk. However, at the current rate we are using water, freshwater amounts are likely to decimate. This gift from the gods has brought environmental harm to the world and wasted the money of thousands of people. Thus, in order to encourage the environment and save our own money, we must make good choices and switch from excessively using bottled water to using tap water. One of the top reasons people often buy bottled water is because of the thingamajig it provides (Ferrier, 2001, pp.118-119). Easy life is what the entire economy runs on, as we have seen from the declining economy. As income lessens, people are reverting rachis to an older lifestyle of doing things themselves instead of purchasing services and goods. While bottled water may taste better because of chemicals that companies add in, it also costs significantly much. A New York Times reporter calculated that eight glasses of New York City tap water were about 49 cents a year, plainly 8 glasses of bottled water would be 2,900 times more expensive- as much as $1,400 per year.Because water is something that every household needs, it is reasonable to conclude that by switching to bottled water, families could cut their water expenses in half (Helm, 2008) and America as a whole could save. The high costs of purchasing bottled water are often overdue to the processing that bottled water must go through and the costs of shipping and plastic. Instead of drinking water from a local river or other water source, people choose to drink water shipped from Fiji, where extra charge is added for shipping. The plastic that is utilise to make the bottle also adds charge.A replacement for this kind of convenience is drinking from the bottles and then continuously refilling them to save your money and the environment. According to the Container Recycling Institute, 85% of water bottles in the United States end up in landfills (cited in Aslam, 2006). Unfortunately, plastic takes up to 1,000 years to decompose and the fuel emissions that delivery trucks emanate destroy the ozone layer. Even more smog and smoke is given off by the manufacturing plant, contributing to global warming, evaporation of our current freshwater supply, and melting/mixing of glacial freshwater and ocean water.About 70% of freshwater is in glacial ice, and as a result of temperatures rising, the freshwater melts, mixing in with saltwater and becoming undrinkable until further chemical processing. Another common myth about bottled water is that it is healthier. A study conducted b y University of Birmingham interrogationers found that The majority of participants believed that bottled water has some health benefits but that they were not necessarily significant or superior to the benefits provided by tap water (BioMed Central, 2009).The participants, users of the universitys sports center, stated that the health benefits of bottled water were negligible, and it was taste and convenience that truly motivated them to buy bottled water. Some research even suggests the opposite- that bottled water is less beneficial to health than tap water. While communities actively add in fluoride a cavity fighter- to the water supply, the majority of bottled water contains junior-grade to no fluoride (Rugg-Gunn, 2003). Many large water companies currently undergo processes such as distillation and/or osmosis both remove all fluoride from the water (American Dental Association, 2003).Since we now know that bottled water is not healthier than other water sources, we must re flect again on the numerous drawbacks of bottled water. Landfills continue to grow and grow, leading to larger emissions of ozone-depleting gases (Sarma, 2002). Birds and other small animals choke on plastic, mistaking it for food, and also die as a result. The ecosystem is dying as a result. The world works as a whole, a cycle, a circle. The consequences of our actions will always come back to bite us, or in the case of water, our posterity when they have low water supply.Conserving water today will benefit people later. In addition, as we become closer and closer to high UV ray exposure and losing our ozone layer, scientists are frantically trying to build labs, gather money, and conduct extensive research about how to conserve the environment and water. By not procrastinating, and saving plastic and water resources now, we will save great amounts of money. The exotic island of Fiji is known for its pure, fresh, crisp water, even to Americans who live thousands of miles away.A 16 ounce bottle of Fiji water currently costs from $1. 50 to $2. 50. At a rate like that, when we are at the edge of the Great Lakes and other vast water sources, but purchase water from the other side of the world, our money is being sold away to foreign countries. Most of 2. 7 million tons of plastic used for bottling and packaging come from China (Aslam, 2006). The result is a national economic breakdown, not only in the water industry, but in all industries, since people cannot cut down on the amount of water they need to drink.It takes 63 million gallons of oil per year to manufacture water bottles (Niman, 2007). That is not only more water than Fijians themselves drink that we are buying, but also 63 million extra gallons of oil and plastic that we toss away. Ironically, one third of Fijians are in destitution and lack the amount of water they need. Because one liter of bottled water uses 26 liters of water, one kilogram of fossil fuel, and one pound of CO2 (Thangham, 2007), lit tle is left for the Fijians in destitute. This is true for not only Fiji waters, but all waters in the world.In 2007, Fiji, one of the worlds most favourite drinking water sources, became the first bottled water company to release its carbon footprint -85,396 metric tons of CO2eq (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2008). Imagine the carbon footprint essential for the world, or even the United States. Perhaps American water companies have not released their carbon footprints because of how overwhelmingly large they are. If we could cut down on how much bottled and imported water we drank, we could preserve a large amount of water for the future.

Marital Conflicts and the Resolutions

Our marriage is in one of the most critical moments of our lives in fact it is between a careen and a hard place. It has now been six years since we got married in one of the most colorful perform weddings I have ever witnessed.It is non that we have not gone through some minor conflicts previously, but at least we were able to resolve them immediately by counselors, friends, our pastors and ourselves.The previous disagreements had to do with our monthly spending, pressure from our parents, time to arrive home and our choice of friends among other issues. At present, things have escalated from being bad to worse, with no signs of a possible reply at the horizon.Before we got married, I had vividly known that my fiance at that time was a committed Seventh Day Adventist though I am a member of the Assemblies of God Church, an evangelical group of the Protestant church.Our parents, friends and the best couple had asked us if we foresaw any future collision since our churches doctri nes were different our answer then was a big no. We believed that our love for each other would conquer any disputes that would arise in our marriage.My wifes father is a very unwavering Adventist in fact, one of the senior elders at the local church and had neer had the thought that any of his five children would ever desert the church which he helped open up an action that made him become respected in the entire locality. My wife loves his father so much and thus has no intent of betraying him.Being an evangelical, a natural again Christian and the head of my family, I am not comfortable with the idea of having a divided family with my wife attending church on Saturday qualification her not attend to her domestic and marital duties from six in the morning to six in the evening (according to their beliefs). On the other hand, I attend church services on Sundays and other fellowships on the weekdays.The conflict is arising from the fact that we do not agree in very many issues that pertain to the different doctrines that the devil groups advocate for. My wife does not eat pork or any related products she does not take either tea or coffee for to her twain are drugs, classifying them in the same group with tobacco or marijuana.My wife and I are both civil servants, my wife working with the department of rearing and I as an army officer though at the moment I am on the study leave enrolled in the University in an undergrad program.We have two daughters, Shari and Shako aged five and three respectively. It is our obligation as parents to bring them up in a way that is honorable so that they can become great members of the society. What makes me uncomfortable about our religious differences is because our little children look confused (especially the elder one). Sometimes they go to church on Saturdays and on Sundays to their mothers and fathers churches respectively.The older daughter has severally asked me why I do not go to their mothers church and she has, I suppose, asked her mum a similar question. She has made me understand that her friends usually go to church with their both parents and looking at her anxious face, it is obvious that she ordain be very happy if we would start doing the same.My greatest desire is for us to attend the same church for the sake of our unity and our children. Since I have never thought of myself becoming an Adventist and have always regarded myself incompatible with their doctrines (that I find very conservative) and because our church is a bit liberal, I have severally suggested that we assume a neutral church where we would all be attending together with our children but she has categorically stated that this would only happen over her dead body. This definitely explains why I am a stressed man.

Human Embryonic Kidney Cells

In figure A Human embryonic kidney cells were transfected with constructs for carrying surface this experiment. Immuno-precipitation was carried prohibited of tagged PAG with an antibody against regulator Myc, its interaction is studied here with SRC & BRK follwed by immunoblotting analyzation. The result of this experiment was delaying in electrophorectic mobility of tagged PAG protein, when it was co-expressed with SRC. This delay is considered due to hyper-phosphorylation. However, on co-expression of PAG and BRK this peck shift was less evident.In figure C Co-transfection of HEK 293 cells with MYC-PAG and SRC followed by treatment in the absence or presence of SRC kinase inhibitor SU6656 (5 M) for atleast 1 h. PAG was immunoprecipitated by antibody against MYC, and the binding of CSK was compared by immunoblotting.The disturbance of link b/w CSK and PAG was observed on weakening SRC bodily function by a small molecular inhibitor SU6656, this experiment illustrated the importa nce of SRC kinase activity for functioning of CSK. B) to test the same hypothesis with controls, take doorknocker cancer frozen samples of different patients, divide the sample in two groups one leave behind be the test group other the control group. The control group will be given doses of anti tumor medication (say tamoxifen for breast cancer).RNA will be extracted from both groups using trizol and will be followed by purification assay. The breast cancer cell lines will be transfected with asinine vectors or pcDNA3-MKP3-V5. Further the transfectants will be placed in media MEM along with phenol red. Followed by SDS PAGE electrophoresis, and transfer to nitrocellulose membrane.After transferring they will be incubated with primary antibody for an hour or above then with secondary antibody to observe the chemiluminescence with a reagent. The cells will then be lysed in a buffer, phosphatase reaction carried out will be observed via assays and transfected cells will be compared w ith control ones to whom tamoxifen was given.

Effects of Globalization Essay

Globalisation has been the most debated topic among businesspeople, economists and politicians in the recent years. Globalisation is defined as the shift towards a more integrate interdependent earth economy (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2008). The trend towards greater globalization has been driven by two macro occurrenceors. The first factor is the declining trade and coronation barriers that prep be occurred since the end of World War 2 (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2008). The next factor is the dramatic technology developments in recent years in communication, information processing and transit (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2008). The following research get out focus on the positive and negative impacts of globalisation on jobs, wages, the environment, work uping condition and national sovereignty.JobsBenefits Heckscher-Ohlin theory asserts that more rank a factor, the lower its terms (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2008). High population countries like china an d India, which depart abundant labours in low cost, can attract more investment from overseas. Hence, globalization can boost greater employment opportunities in less developed countries (Ghose, 2000). For example, the rapidly expanding rose industry in Ecuador generates US$240 million in sales and supports tens of thousands of jobs in Ecuador (Thompson, 2003).Apart from that, Indias computer-software and service, which is down the stairstaking the outsourced office functions for companies ground in United States, Australia and the United Kingdom, has engaged 1.3 million people in 2006 (Bhattacharjee, 2006). In addition, Accenture, which is a large US management consulting and information technology firm, has recently created 5000 jobs opportunities in software development and accounting in Philippines (Birnbaum, n.d.). Procter & Gamble has too employed 650 professionals who prepare the global tax returns for the company in the Philippines (Engardio, Bernstein, & Kripalani, 200 3). The ANZ bank in Australia decided to increase 1100 employees in its Indian Information Technology operations based in Bangalore (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2005). Logitech as unity of the worlds largest producers of computer mo theatrical role, has employed 4000 workers to assemble mouse in its own factory in Suzhou, China (Chief Executive, 2003).Costs However, globalization critics argue that technological change in globalization that favored skilled workers may have further depressed the demand for low-skilled workers (Goldberg & Pavcnik, 2007). Nissanke & Thorbecke (2008) also claim that new technology is heavily biased in favour of skilled and educated labour. globalization is a threat for jobs losses to countries with lower cost structures due to lack of regulation or inadequate enforcement of labour, health, safety and environmental standards (Foley, 2006).For example, over 350 workers were retrenched in Australia and New Zealand as the manufacture plant of the iconic pa rent maker, Blundstone, would be shifted to Asia (Barlow, 2007). Apart from that, the Bank of America cut nearly 5000 jobs from its US-based information technology workforce and transferred some of these jobs to India since the work that costs $100 an hour in the United States can be done for $20 an hour in India (Engardio, Bernstein, & Kripalani, 2003). Apply the mercantilism theory, the ANZ banks step to increase employees in Bangalore will cost job loss in Australia while trying to save cost for the bank.WagesBenefits Workers in less developed countries can earn high wages as a consequence of globalization (Brunner, 2003). Lustigs study (1998) also shows that wages of skilled workers increased by more than 15 percent. For instance, a worker in Ecuador earns the equivalent of US$210 a month which is substantially above the countrys minimum wage of US$120 a month (Thompson, 2003). Levi Strauss & Co favours to do business with partners who provide wages and benefits that fulfill th e applicable laws and match the prevailing local industry practices under the Global Sourcing and run Guidelines of the company (Levi Strauss & Co, n.d.).CostsOn the other hand, globalization has reduced the wages of unskilled labor relative to high skilled labor in Latin America (Wood, 1997). According to Lustig (1998), wages of unskilled workers fell by 15 percent as a result of free trade.Environment Benefits Although there are many cases that show multinationals have caused many severe environmental damages, there are also multinationals that help preserve the environment. One of the examples will be The carcass Shop. The company uses as little packaging as possible in order to conserve innate(p) resources and reduce waste (Bartlett, Elderkin, & McQuade, 1991). Customers are encouraged to bring old containers to the shop to refill as a consequence in getting a discount on the next purchase by doing so (Bartlett, Elderkin, & McQuade, 1991). The Body Shop has made an agreement with the Kayapo Indians, who harvesting Brazil nuts in the Amazon rain forest. One of the goals of the agreement is to protect the plants in the Kayapo Indians harvest in the rain forest (Bartlett, Elderkin, & McQuade, 1991). The company is now introducing plastic bottles made from 100 % recycled material. It replaced all its carrier bags with 100 per cent recycled and recyclable paper bags in 2008. It also increased the recycled content in the gift packaging (The Body Shop, 2009).Starbucks is another good example to show its corporate ethic in preserving the environment. For example, Starbucks is victimisation the U.S. Green Building Councils LEED certification program as a benchmark in constructing their high performance green buildings. (LEED is short for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) (Starbucks, 2010). Starbucks offers a 10-cent discount in the U.S. and Canada to encourage customers to use their own mugs or tumblers for their beverages. Starbucks introduced G rounds for Your Garden in 1995, which offers its customers complimentary five-pound bags of used burnt umber causa to enrich garden soil (Starbucks, 2010).Costs Environmentalists believe that globalization can threaten the planets ecosystems (Jabbra & Dwivedi, 2004). They argued that the world is facing severe environmental challenges such as global warming, water pollution and acid rain (Jabbra & Dwivedi, 2004). For example, California winemaker Robert Mondavi planned to invest in a project in France to produce high quality wine that would be sold in Europe. However, the plan had been objected by the local environmentalists since they argued that the plan would destroy the ecological heritage of the field of battle (Henley, 2001). The formation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico and the United States in 1994 was opposed to allow US manufacturing firms to freely pollute the environment after moving to Mexico (Chaote, 1993).A BHP majority-own ed mine was responsible for discharging the by-products from mining into the pristine Ok Tedi river in Papua New Guinea which can cause severe environmental damage. There was a dislocation of the local villagers as a result of the severe pollution (Lafitte, 1995). Shell as one of the largest oil producers in the world has been criticised for causing major oil spill incidents which results in the death of most agriculture and the contaminated of the farming land in Nigeria (Hinman, 1993). The solution to the problem is not to roll back the globalization efforts that have led to economic growth. In fact, it is to get all the nations of the world to set higher limit standard on pollutions.Working ConditionBenefits Evidence indicates that foreign ownership improves the working conditions in the process of raising wages (Brown, Deardorff, & Stern, 2002). For instance, some responsible growers in Ecuador have fall in a voluntary program aimed at helping customers to identify responsible growers. The growers have distributed protective gear, trained workers in using chemicals, and hired doctor to inflict workers at least a week (Thompson, 2003).Under the Global Sourcing and Operating Guidelines of the company, Levi Strauss & Co favours partners who utilize less than sixty-hour work weeks and will not use contractors who consume in excess of a sixty-hour work week (Levi Strauss & Co, n.d.). Levi Strauss & Co will only do business with partners who provide workers with a safe and healthy work environment (Levi Strauss & Co, n.d.). Business partners who provide residential facilities for their workers must provide safe and healthy facilities. For instance, Levi Strauss & Co terminated a long term contract with one of its large suppliers after discovering it allegedly forcing 1200 Chinese and Filipino women to work 74 hours per week in guarded compounds on the Mariana Islands (Donaldson, 1996).Unilever has a code of ethics to provide safe and healthy working condition s for all employees. Unilever implemented a coordinated response across all its operations to combat the outbreak of the Influenza A (H1N1) virus around the world. For instance, Unilever provided clear guidelines to its operations on how to respond to the pandemic, posted materials across the office and factory, highlighted the simple steps individuals could sign to protect themselves and made sanitizers acquirable in appropriate locations (Unilever, 2010). Unilever requires all its professional drivers worldwide to have regular medical check-ups to ensure their fitness to drive and have also banned the use of mobile phones while driving (Unilever, 2010). Unilever has globally launched a campaign named Lamplighter which involves coaching employees individually on their exercise, nutrition and mental resilience, and monitoring their progress through an initial check-up and six-monthly follow-ups (Unilever, 2010).CostsAccording to Schaeffer (2003), globalization has contributed sign ificantly to the poor working condition of workers. Some critics also declare that globalization has a deleterious effect on working conditions of workers in most of the developing country (Frenkel & Kuruvilla, 2002). For example, workers in Ecuador always fumigate roses in normal clothes without any protective equipment (Thompson, 2003). Some scientists state that many employees in the industry have serious health problems as a result of exposure to toxic chemicals (Thompson, 2003). A study from the International labor movement Organisation claimed that female employees in the industry had more miscarriages than average and 60% of the workers suffered from headaches, nausea, blurred vision and fatigue (Thompson, 2003).Apart from that, Nike has always been accused for violating the employees right in the workplace. In 2001, the Panorama team uncovered occurrences of child labour and sweatshop working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike. They work sevensome days a week, often up to sixteen hours a day (Kenyon, 2000). Workers reported that they were punished to clean toilets or run around factory grounds as a penalty for being late (BBC News, 2001). There were also reports of workers being coerced into sex and being fondled by managers (BBC News, 2001). Workers still work in suicidal conditions such as inhaling toxic chemicals and losing fingers in cutting machines (BBC News, 2002). While auditing 569 factories in 2003 and 2004, Nike found that up to 50 percent of the contract factories restrict workers access to toilets and beverage water during the work day (MSNBC, 2005).National Sovereignty Cost Economic globalization has caused the loss of national sovereignty as the inability of national administrations to train their citizens (Allison, 2000). Schaeffer (2003) also claims that globalization has prompted a nation to have limited sovereignty. This is because increasingly interdependent global economy shifts economic power away from national government and towards supranational arrangements like the World Trade Organisations (WTO), the European Union (EU) and the United Nations. WTO can instruct a member state to alter trade policies that give out GATT regulations. If the violator refuses to do so, the WTO allows other states to impose trade sanction on the transgressor.The European Union (EU) lost its national sovereignty while banning the imports of hormone-treated recoil from the United States that might lead to health problem. This is because EU ban was not allowed under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of World Trade organization (WTO) (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2008). However, EU refused to comply with it and US government imposed 100% tariff on imports of certain EU products (Hill, Cronk, & Wickramasekera, 2008). It shows that EUs decision is bind under GATT.Nigeria has lost its national sovereignty in the oil industry since the government is afraid to harm the nations economy. Not only d o the multinationals take all the profits, they also give all valuable positions to foreign specialists brought in. This only leaves bad, low-paying jobs to the locals. As a result, the country does not receive any profit it should for natural resources found on its land. (Combating the exploitation of workers in developing nations by multinational corporations, n.d.).Conclusion Last but not least, it is not surprised to learn the fact that there are winners and losers in the process of globalisation since the costs and benets of globalization are not equally distributed (OHara & Biesecker, 2003). However, globalisation has brought more benefits than costs (Gunter & van der Hoeven, 2004). Globalization is an extremely powerful movement and it is impossible to stop it (Cummins & Venard, 2008). Thus, all countries should involve in free trading in order to enhance the world economy.

Islam is one of the world’s greatest religions Essay

I. Introduction. Founded in the heptadth century A. D. by Mohammed. The intelligence agency Islam means submission (to the result of idol). Followers of Islam are called Muslims or Muslims, terms that mean those who submit (to the will of God). Non-Muslims sometimes call the religion Mohammedanism and its followers Mohammedans. Islamics, however, dislike these terms because they imply the worship of Mohammed, their prophet, rather than God. on that point are more than a billion Islamics worldwide, making up about one-eighth of the earths population.Islam began in Arabia in the seventh century A. D. and spread rapidly to come the principal religion of northerly Africa and western Asia. It also extends into the Balkans and across Pakistan and Bangladesh to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It has extended into sub-Saharan Africa Sudan, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Mauritania. Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Africa. The Moslem population in the United Sta tes consists nearlyly of immigrants from Pakistan, Iran, and Arab countries. there are also a number of Muslim sects among the countrys black population (Endress, 1999). II. Background A. How is it founded and who is the founder? The beginnings of Islam go back to Mohammeds preaching in his indigenous Mecca. However, the faith did not become fully developed until he moved to Medina (until then called Yathrib) in 662 A. D. His migration to medina, called the Hegira, begins the Moslem calendar. Mohammeds early successorsespecially Omar, the second caliphexpanded Islam through conquest.The Moslem warriors conceived that if they died for Islam they would automatically go to heaven. This belief, plus the promise land and loot, spurred the Moslem armies on to conquer the Middle East, jointure Africa, and Spain. They al cosy overran south Europe under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours (732) (Ahmed, 2002). a) Early Conflicts During the period of conquest, bitter theological and po litical dispute developed among the Moslems. In the selection of early caliphs (successors to Mohammed as rulers of the Moslem world), Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, was bypassed (6 Ruthven, 2000).The third caliph, a member of the Omayya (Umayya) family, was off by malcontents in 656, and Ali was elected to succeed him. Muawiyah, the Omayyad governor of Syria, refused to recognize Ali as caliph. When Ali was murdered in 661 by a member of a dissident sect, Muawiyah succeeded him, moved the Moslem capital from Median to Damascus, and made the caliphate genic in the Omayya family. Military force was required to establish the raw(a) caliphs political authority. Spiritually, most Moslems never accepted him (Roberts, 2002).The followers of Ali formed a new branch of Islamthe Shiite, as opposed to the Sunnite, or orthodox, branch. Smaller themes continued to break away from orthodox teaching, also, and there was increasing schism in the Moslem world. b) Changing Patterns In the eight c entury a secret revolutionary movement against the Omayyad dynasty was led by the Abbasids, descendants of Abbas, Mohammeds uncle. The movement began in Mesopotamia and spread east through Persia. In 747 open push back began, and in 750 the Omayyad dynasty was overthrown and the Abbasids assumed power.The most significant aspect of the Abbasid caliphate was the Persian influence. The new capital, Baghdad, developed into a major(ip) cultural as well as political center (Roberts, 2002). The sciences and philosophy of the Greeks and Persians were translated into Arabic and spread end-to-end the Moslem world, setting of a surge of intellectual activity such as had not been seen since the age of ancient Greece. During the rule of the Abbasids the Moslem world lost its political unit, as first Spain and then the North African countries set up caliphates independent in Baghdad.In the ninth century there were new Moslem conquests in EuropeSardinia, Malta, Sicily, and regions of southern Italy. The Christians regained all European territory, however, before the 14th century (Fried cosmosn, 2003). III. handling What are the beliefs and doctrines of Islam? Enumerate. A. Beliefs and Doctrine a) God Moslems worship one God, called Allah (Arabic for The God). The believe Allah stands alone, has an absolute will, and controls all of mans actions. In most other respects, however, he resembles the Christian and Jewish God. Apostles.According to Islamic doctrine, God gave certain men the power to communicate with him through his angels. The function of these men was to guide other mortals to Salvation. The greatest of these prophets were Adam, Noah, the house of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed. Moslems accept the miracles and virgin birth of Jesus, however deny his divinity and resurrection. They do not specify superhuman or miraculous powers to Mohammed, but simply carry on him to be the last (and hence the most authoritative) of all the prophets (Nasr, 1999). Ko ran The Koran is the basic source of Islamic law and ritual.Moslems believe it was dictated to Mohammed by God, through the angel Gabriel. The Hadith The Koran is supplemented by the Hadith (tradition), consisting of the Ahadis (sayings) and Sunna (practice) of Mohammed. The Hadith was handed humble orally for more than 200 years before being written down. It and the Koran are the sources of Islamic law. Sunna in a larger sense means the theory and practice of orthodox Islam, as based on the Koran and the Hadith. Further opinions and practices accepted by the highest Islamic learned men become articles of faith known as ijma (agreement) (Nasr, 1999). Angels The Islamic concept of angels is almost identical with the Christian belief that angels are Gods messengers, his link with mortal man. Last Judgment Like Christians, Moslems believe in a Judgment Day, when righteousness will be rewarded and wickedness will be punished. The Korans commentary of Judgment Day is generally simila r to the Bibles, although the details differ (Nasr, 1999). B. Is there any ghostly obligations in Islam? a. ) Obligations A Moslem has five religious obligations, called the Five Pillars. They are Profession of Faith.A Moslems most essential obligation is the repetition of this creed There is no God but Allah Mohammed is His prophet. Prayer Prayers must be utter five times each day. They may be said either privately or at the mosque. In public worship, men and women are usually separated. A worshiper precedes prayer with a ritual washing. He then faces the Blessed city of Mecca and follows a headstrong ritual of recitation and prostration. On Fridays, a worship service of process at the mosque is required. Besides the ritual prayers, the service includes a reading from the Koran and a sermon (Lippman, 2002). Almsgiving Moslems are expected to contribute munificently to their religion. The money is used to maintain the mosques and to help the poor. Fasting Moslems cannot e at or drink during the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of their lunar year. Pilgrimage Once in his lifetime, every Moslem who is financially and physically fitted must travel to Mecca. This pilgrimage is called the hajj, or hadj. A Moslem who has made it is a hajji. The pilgrim participates in a number of observances 1) Circling the Kaaba It is the pilgrims first and last act.The Kaaba is a sacred structure in one box of which is embedded the Black Stone, a meteorite that fell in ancient times and acquired symbolic significance. The pilgrim circles this structure seven times, kissing the Black Stone each time (Lippman, 2002). 2) The Running It consists of trotting seven times between deuce low hills on opposite sides of Mecca. This act represents a search for water by Hagar, mother of Ishmael, whose business relationship from the Old Testament was adopted as part of Moslem tradition (Lippman, 2002). 3) The StandingThe Standing at the Plain of Arafat, 25 miles (40 km) east of Mecca, consists of a day of meditating and praying, facing Mecca. 4) stone the Pillars at Mina Stoning the Pillars at Mina, 5 miles (8 km) east of Mecca, is an act in which pilgrims throw seven stones at pillars, symbolically assail the devil. 5) Feast of Sacrifice Feast of Sacrifice consists of the slaughtering of an animal by pilgrims who can afford to as a thanksgiving to Allah. a) Religious War Some Moslems look at it an obligation to spread Islam by force, or divine war (jihad).This belief is not specifically stated in the Koran. b) What is an Islamic Law? The basic estimable code of Islam comes from the Koran. The most important rule is that all Moslems are bothers. The Koran encourages charity, authorizes slavery, and prohibits wine, gambling, and the eating of pork. A Moslem may have as many as four wives, and divorce is permitted. Divorce is effected by the husband telling his wife three times I divorce thee. The Koran does not supply a political structure fo r Islam and Mohammed did not reveal how the religion should be organized after his death.His close associates elected a successor, called a caliph, to take his place as a attracterbut not as a prophet. This system was called the caliphate and survived until 1924. At the present time, there is no universal Moslem leader (Lippman, 2002). C. What are the Sects of Islam? There are two great divisions of Islamthe Sunnites (traditionalists) and the Shiites (legitimists). The Sunnites are the orthodox Moslems and are in the majority. The Shiites believe that Ali, Mohammeds son-in-law and the fourth caliph, had divine powers.They claim that he was the first legitimate caliph and that his heirs, also divinely inspired, were the rightful rulers of Islam. These rulers are called imams (Klein, 2005). The Shiites broke off from orthodox Islam beginning about 679 and soon divided into a number of sects. The Imami, or Twelvers, recognize a continuing series of purely secular imams. Another sect, the Ismailis, or Seveners, recognize the same first six imams as the other sects and a seventh not recognize by the others. Historically there have been numerous extreme offshoots of the Ismailis, including the notorious Assassins.The only important group to break off from the Sunnites in modern times is the Wahhabis, who have attempted to rid the faith of what they consider corruptions. The movement began in Arabia in the 1970s and was marked by a series of bloody wars during the nineteenth century. The Wahhabis have ruled Saudi Arabia since the 1920s (Klein, 2005). IV. Conclusion Islam is a severe but simple religion. Moslems consider it to be an extension of Christianity and Judaism, but they believe the Christian Trinity is blasphemy and deny the divinity of Jesus.There is no ordained ministry or priesthood, although there are religious teachers, called ulama, or mullahs, and religious orders consisting of sufis (mystics) called dervishes. Islams holy book is the Koran (or Qura n). References 1. Ahmed, Akbar S. (2002). Discovering Islam Making Sense of Muslim History and Society. Routledge. London. 2. Endress, Gerhard. An Introduction to Islamic History (Edinburgh University, 1999). 3. Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). perimeter and Coercion in Islam Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press.New York. 4. Lippman, T. W. Understanding Islam an Introduction to the Moslem World (New American Library, 2002). 5. Klein, F. A. The Religion of Islam. London Curzon, 2005. Reprint of classic study, first published, 1996. 6. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Ideals and Realities of Islam. London Allen & Unwin, 1999. Standard textbook. 7. Roberts, D. S. Islam a Concise Introduction. New York Harper & Row, 2002. Accessible information on varied aspects of the Islamic world. 8. Ruthven, Malise (2000). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

Sex Trafficking

Comparative inspection March 11, 2013 Thesis Legalizing whoredom depart stop the spread of illicit Sex Trafficking. It seems like a normal day in her teensy-weensy village, until two shady men come and take her and e real the young girls around the same age as her from their families. She is terrified and is sc ard of what may come next. The patch repeatedly compliments her on her beauty and touches her silk soft skin. Crying altogether makes things worse and makes the man very angry. He hits them and c every last(predicate)s them bad names as a punishment. Its been days since they took us, and has only given us little amounts of water to stay some what hydrated and no food.This go throughing is so surreal and this stuff rattling does happen, beyond what masses may think they k now women and kids be organism taken. In the denomination Enslaved in the States by Tina Frundt it explains how typically Americans look the other counselling when they see prostitution but, negl ect that these girls 50 percent of the time be forced into the Sex Trafficking lifestyle. On the other hand Brenda Zuritas hold Legalization or harm reduction of prostitution and sexual trafficking writes about the government and the Sex trafficking laws says a antithetic story.Sex Trafficking is illegal in the United States but why is there girls forced out of their homes and into this ultramodern day slavery still occurring. In Bruce Kennedys Would legalizing prostitution help the US economy, it explains in dewy-eyed terms how much one difference will create harmlessr jobs and bring it much needed cash to our economy. Which brings me to my next point Prostitution should be legalized for those who want to retire in this way of life. It will fetch a positive effect on the economy bringing in billions in taxable income.In the change magnitude epidemic with Sex Trafficking Tina Frundt, explains why this is truly a big issue worldwide. With this crime being unrecognised to a certain degree as it should in the shadows its really happening. The purpose of this article is to help encounter the reasons why. Truthfully when I think of this topic I think of all the girls overseas who be being taken from their homes. As Frundt explains this is not only my opinion most people have the same thoughts and are in the blind that this happens so close to home too. Not everything is said out to be the way it really is.All the bliss and publicity that the pimps is point blank ridiculous. Young people use pimp in everyday conversation my ride is pimped out, your clothes are pimping. They do not understand the reality lavatory the term. (Frundt) This is a subliminal message about Sex Trafficking, the word is so powerful that it is misused and now taken for what it really is. Sex trafficking victims live in a cold, heartless, mistreated, and world full of violence. Raped and lambast on the daily bases is only the least of these victims worries.Finding a way to escap e and lead a different life is the biggest and hardest goal to acquire. How are these victims found if they arent ever missed of even looked for? A control for a better life, a good job and a new start is how many people end up in these types of situations. Having such a personal intake of Sex Trafficking, Frundts article is an essential piece that I find necessary to write about in my research. Unlike Frundt who shares a very particular share in Sex Trafficking, Brenda Zurita speaks from a point where anyone can understand to a greater extent broadly.When the demand for prostituted people exceeds the available supply, women, children and sometimes men are trafficked in to meet the demand (Zurita). Children and women are usually the two that are easier to manipulate by letting them know what they want to hear. Often they are showered with gifts and affection that ply them wanting more. Than to keep an even tighter leash threatening comes to play, captors threaten their lives and t he lives of their families. Which often leave victims to scared to leave to keep their families safe.The US government opposes prostitution for the reason that it is dehumanizing and harmful for people. Sex trafficking is what should be the center of focus. Trying to stop something that is known today, as Modern Day Slavery cannot just be stopped all together. In this case, and at the time former president George W. Bush stated that represent in this field is not legitimate and should be not tolerated for humans of any sort. By legalizing we are creating a safer environment for those who chose this way of life.Traffickers often beat, humiliate, and torture their victims and can ultimately lead to murder. Pimps and traffickers, in parliamentary procedure to make a profit, cater to their customers desires and supply prostituted people to fulfill their fantasies (Zurita). The legalization of Prostitution reduced the need for Sex Traffickers. Bruce Kennedy is all for the legalization of prostitution, in my opinion it provides an economical relief. From the time that I can remember the US has been struggling with money. By legalizing this it brings in an outstanding 18 billion in taxable income from the sex industry.Although crime rates seem to stay the same, legalizing creates a better environment for those women who direct this life style. It brings better working conditions and makes it safer by not having pimps abuse their hoes. The challenge that seems to be faced is all the crime that would still happen. Technically pimps watch over their girls and make sure the guys they leave with are safe and will return the girls back accordingly. Without this it is expected that more kidnappings and murders are to be committed.A nights earning is expected to be around 500$ a night which attracts the criminal industry. The message and the information that I acquired from (Frundt), (Zurita, 2013) and (Kennedy, 2012) are essential to creating a strong research paper. Th ey are all statistically inclined and include different examples of different situations that will help me outline my paper. Since Frundts article is the strongest of the three I plan on strategically planning out her experiences in a way that will coherently compare it to the others.Being a woman, myself I feel like I have a stronger connection with my topic because I could be categorized as well as other girls my age in the range how the Pimps choose their girls. I could not mean myself in the position that hundreds of girls find themselves everyday. Spreading awareness on the topic is the way people are going to be more involved with the stop of Sex Trafficking. How is something going to be stopped if its only been advertised as a good thing, when in true reality it is the complete opposite. References Frundt, T. (n. d. ).Enslaved in America Sex trafficking in the United States. WFN, Retrieved from http//www. womensfundingnetwork. org/resource/past-articles/enslaved-in-america- sex-trafficking-in-the-united-states Kennedy, B. (2010). Would legalizing prostitution help the us economy?. Retrieved from http//money. msn. com/now/ run. aspx? post=49c1f746-9b02-4ba4-a60f-67d3ccc1a6b5 Zurita, B. (2012). Legalization or harm reduction of prostitution and sexual trafficking. Retrieved from http//www. cwfa. org/articledisplay. asp? id=12632&department=BLI&categoryid=dotcommentary

Sport Obermeyer

* magnetic declination Obermeyer* Case Analysis Pratyusha Lakshmi Puranam Executive Summary Obermeyer offers a broad supererogatoryction of elan ski app bel, including parkas, vests, ski suits, shells, ski pants, sweaters, turtlenecks, and accessories. Parkas are considered the most critical design component of a prayer the other garments were fashioned to match the parkas style and color. Their products were offered in five different genders mens, womens, boys, girls, and preschoolers. The accompany segments distri merelyively gender market according to price, type of skier, and how fashion-forward the market was.Within each gender, numerous styles are offered, each in several colors and a hunt of sizes. In the current situation, Obermeyer is veneer ii major issues inability to meet the indigence of retailers during peak sales and a confusion of where to bring in the garments Hong Kong or china. The best way to mitigate the inability to meet the read of retailers during peaks sales would be to opine the needs with all past data or with the help of a accounting deputation. It would be idea for Obermeyer to guess future day demand with the help of a promiseing committee.To come over the confusion of which city to insure drudgery in, Obermeyer should take to continue short term work in Hong Kong but the Long terminal figure drudgery should be in China. Sport Obermeyer has the side by side(p) main jobs Inability to meet the exact demand of the retailers of the latest fashion which is actually a result of poor forecasting of the jackets Sport Obermeyer depends on the Las Vegas instal to tick what fashions were going to dominate the season coming up and then produce the best fashions.This was a fuss because the gap between the acquaint and the production of final product and making it available to the retailer takes succession and meanwhile anything laughingstock happen. on that pointof a rigid and accurate forecast must be mak e based on data as well as experience. They are in a predicament of which location to continue their production in Hong Kong or China Raymond Tse had built the new pulverisation in China where the follow was little(prenominal) but the quality had to be compromised. Moreover, the labour party had to be handy and a high stripped-down collection was required.These issues were addressed by the Hong Kong facility where quality of product was good, the labor could multitask, a lower stripped aver size was required and the prison term of production was low. But the boilersuit make up was high. Recommendations In post to overcome the forecasting issue, effective forecasting methods like forecasting with the committee should be adopted. The calculations can be based on the news marketer problem and bequeath help to forecast the best requirement of products. To overcome the dilemma of where to produce, the production initially continue in Honk Kong andshould be eventually m oved to China.Later, Hong Kong should be used when the token(prenominal) order size does non suit that in China. backup Analysis Sport Obermeyer has the issue of lack of stock during peak sales of certain types of parkas. This is genuinely sympathetic to the New Vendor problem. The newsvendor problem is a classic in management perception part because selecting an optimal inventory level in the face of uncertain demand is an important problem but also because the solution is so elegant and intuitive the inventory should be selected so that the fortune that the vendor stocks out should be set equal to the ratio of the items unit cost to its unit price.Precisely, the Newsvendor Frame consort is One chance to decide on the stocking amount of money for the product youre sell Demand for the product is uncertain Known marginal exonerate for each unit sell and cognise marginal loss for the ones that are bought and non sold Goal Maximize anticipate profit Numerically, P(x)Mar ginal reach (1 P(x))Marginal Loss = 0 i. e. P(x) = Marginal Loss/(Marginal Profit + Marginal Loss) Obermeyers situation is much obscure than the Newsvendor problem because it is highly dependent on what color, style in the most fashionable at the moment.Moreover, the higher(prenominal) lead m and constraints of minimum number of orders defined by brokeries worsen the situation. attempt associated toil Sport Obermeyer should produce the designs and styles that begin the least standard deviation because they are least risky. For these products, the demand scruple is very less and thus at that place is a very low chance of subject a huge loss. A loss, if any, will not be taxing for Obermeyer and will be in a very low level. Moreover, the trade show results from Las Vegas are not required to produce these parkas. Thus their production can be started immediately.On the other hand, Obermeyer would want to wait till the trade show is complete before starting the production of the parks with a high standard deviation because it has a higher risk. Any loss incurred sue to this segment will be huge and taxing. Demand forecast The following table shows the demand forecast by the forecasting committee. According to basic principles of statistics, in a prove there is a 68% probability of success i. e available demand in the range (Mean + or Standard Deviation) and 97% probability of available demand in the range (Mean + or 2*Standard Deviation).The uncertainty in these cardinal carapaces is the chance of being outside the range. For example there is a 32% uncertainty of availability that if the demand is below 823 or above 1211 in the Gail model. too it follows for the rest period of the data. With the Newsvendor problem, the Demand Forecast would be Here, P(x) = Marginal Loss/ (Marginal Profit + Marginal Loss) Z has been interpreted from the frequency distribution tables. Produce = Average +Z*Standard Deviation First take Quantities tyles for which expected demand is more than twice the minimum order quantity styles for which expected demand is less than the minimum order quantity all other styles From the above data we comport the least forecasted order as 639 which are higher than 600, which is the minimum order quantity for Hong Kong. If the demand is more than double of what has been forecasted there is no issue at all and any factory (Hong Kong or China) can be chosen. If the demand is less what we have forecasted it again depends on how oft lesser than the minimum order size it is.As we have seen all the forecasted demands are greater than 600 and therefore there will not be much of an issue. A typical scenario is when the demand is in between the minimum order and the double the minimum order. For such(prenominal) a situation we will have to further analyze. We cannot blindly order the minimum both quantify not can we split the demand into half. In such a situation we have to choose a combination of both factories. *Effect of decrease minimum order quantities on profits* If there is simplification in the minimum order quantities, then it would be profitable only in case of Hong Kong. there whitethorn not be a big difference in profitability if China lowers its minimum order quantity. The reason being, if the company selects China for its order, it is probable that the order is of bulk quantity. Hence, the minimum would not issuing for bulk orders. As discussed earlier, it is a good idea to choose Hong Kong for quick and small orders. Hence, if Hong Kong lowers its minimum order quantity, then the number of orders with low quantities will increase for Hong Kong because, Hong Kong produces the product in half the time as China.Hence, minimum order quantities are directly related to quick orders, which implies, if there is a reduce in minimum order quantity in Hong Kong, then it is profitable than the minimum order quantity reducing in China. Thus when we have to choose a location based on the scenery of reducing the minimum order quantities, we must go ahead with Hong Kong as it is more profitable than reducing minimum order size in China. *Increasing the potentiality to react to discover demand* The heartbeat order happens immediately after the Las Vegas show.Hence, to improve the capacity to react for the demand, more number of resources need to work for collection and capturing the market ASAP during the trade show. This would marginally affect the order date, by increasing the time for Obersport to confront to sport Obermeyer. But, at that moment, every moment is highly crucial. Once, Obersport is asked to deliver on a forward date, the retailers have the chance to start selling the products at an earlier date. From a profitability point of view, it may not affect a major percentage of profit. But, gaining every penny is the motto of a business.Hence, the capacity to observed demand if increased might result in improved profits. Thus Obermeyer should hire extra resources for this job. improve Performance Effectively and efficiently forecasting the demand will be the key factor in improving the performance of Obermeyer another important point would be to reduce the lead time. These two aspects will ensure that when retailers are in the peak sales period and request for replenishment of stock, Obermeyer is in a position to do the needful. Reducing lead time is the easiest to control and will help a mass in improving the performance.Moreover, Obermeyer can also restrict its suppliers (fabric etc) to one to two suppliers. Finally, Obermeyer should define the functionality of Obersport. Obersport should be dependent to can be in charge of sewing and cutting the clothes. Shipping and handling can be taken care by another smaller company so that it will be more efficient and timesaving. Sourcing in China versus Hong Kong Although the time taken for production in china is higher compared to Hong Kong, Sport Obermeyer should give the large r proportion of orders to china, to save labor costs.There are orders which need lesser quantity in lesser time. The urgent orders from retailers can be diverted to HK to save time and business. Hence, as trenchant previously by the company, over 50% of the orders can be given to China. Bibliography http//www. hbs. edu/research/facpubs/workingpapers/papers2/0102/02-024. pdf http//www2. isye. gatech. edu/sman/courses/2030/Newsvendor. pdf http//www. slideshare. net/glenferry/sport-obermeyer? src=related_normal&rel=708013Sport Obermeyer*Sport Obermeyer* Case Analysis Pratyusha Lakshmi Puranam Executive Summary Obermeyer offers a broad line of fashion ski apparel, including parkas, vests, ski suits, shells, ski pants, sweaters, turtlenecks, and accessories. Parkas are considered the most critical design component of a collection the other garments were fashioned to match the parkas style and color. Their products were offered in five different genders mens, womens, boys, girls, and pre schoolers. The company segments each gender market according to price, type of skier, and how fashion-forward the market was.Within each gender, numerous styles are offered, each in several colors and a range of sizes. In the current situation, Obermeyer is facing two major issues inability to meet the demand of retailers during peak sales and a confusion of where to produce the garments Hong Kong or China. The best way to mitigate the inability to meet the demand of retailers during peaks sales would be to forecast the demands with either past data or with the help of a forecasting committee. It would be idea for Obermeyer to forecast future demand with the help of a forecasting committee.To come over the confusion of which city to continue production in, Obermeyer should choose to continue short term production in Hong Kong but the Long Term production should be in China. Sport Obermeyer has the following main problems Inability to meet the exact demand of the retailers of the la test fashion which is actually a result of poor forecasting of the jackets Sport Obermeyer depends on the Las Vegas show to determine what fashions were going to dominate the season coming up and then produce the best fashions.This was a problem because the gap between the show and the production of final product and making it available to the retailer takes time and meanwhile anything can happen. Thus a rigid and accurate forecast must be made based on data as well as experience. They are in a dilemma of which location to continue their production in Hong Kong or China Raymond Tse had built the new factory in China where the cost was less but the quality had to be compromised. Moreover, the labor had to be trained and a higher minimum order was required.These issues were addressed by the Hong Kong facility where quality of product was good, the labor could multitask, a lower minimum order size was required and the time of production was low. But the overall cost was high. Recommen dations In order to overcome the forecasting issue, effective forecasting methods like forecasting with the committee should be adopted. The calculations can be based on the newsvendor problem and will help to forecast the optimum requirement of products. To overcome the dilemma of where to produce, the production initially continue in Honk Kong andshould be eventually moved to China.Later, Hong Kong should be used when the minimum order size does not suit that in China. Supporting Analysis Sport Obermeyer has the issue of lack of stock during peak sales of certain types of parkas. This is very similar to the New Vendor problem. The newsvendor problem is a classic in management science partly because selecting an optimal inventory level in the face of uncertain demand is an important problem but also because the solution is so elegant and intuitive the inventory should be selected so that the probability that the vendor stocks out should be set equal to the ratio of the items unit c ost to its unit price.Precisely, the Newsvendor Framework is One chance to decide on the stocking quantity for the product youre selling Demand for the product is uncertain Known marginal profit for each unit sold and known marginal loss for the ones that are bought and not sold Goal Maximize expected profit Numerically, P(x)Marginal Profit (1 P(x))Marginal Loss = 0 i. e. P(x) = Marginal Loss/(Marginal Profit + Marginal Loss) Obermeyers situation is more complicated than the Newsvendor problem because it is highly dependent on what color, style in the most popular at the moment.Moreover, the higher lead time and constraints of minimum number of orders defined by factories worsen the situation. Risk associated Production Sport Obermeyer should produce the designs and styles that have the least standard deviation because they are least risky. For these products, the demand uncertainty is very less and thus there is a very low chance of incurring a huge loss. A loss, if any, will not be taxing for Obermeyer and will be in a very low level. Moreover, the trade show results from Las Vegas are not required to produce these parkas. Thus their production can be started immediately.On the other hand, Obermeyer would want to wait till the trade show is complete before starting the production of the parks with a high standard deviation because it has a higher risk. Any loss incurred sue to this segment will be huge and taxing. Demand forecast The following table shows the demand forecast by the forecasting committee. According to basic principles of statistics, in a sample there is a 68% probability of success i. e available demand in the range (Mean + or Standard Deviation) and 97% probability of available demand in the range (Mean + or 2*Standard Deviation).The uncertainty in these two cases is the chance of being outside the range. For example there is a 32% uncertainty of availability that if the demand is below 823 or above 1211 in the Gail model. Similarly it f ollows for the rest of the data. With the Newsvendor problem, the Demand Forecast would be Here, P(x) = Marginal Loss/ (Marginal Profit + Marginal Loss) Z has been taken from the frequency distribution tables. Produce = Average +Z*Standard Deviation First Production Quantities tyles for which expected demand is more than twice the minimum order quantity styles for which expected demand is less than the minimum order quantity all other styles From the above data we have the least forecasted order as 639 which are higher than 600, which is the minimum order quantity for Hong Kong. If the demand is more than double of what has been forecasted there is no issue at all and any factory (Hong Kong or China) can be chosen. If the demand is less what we have forecasted it again depends on how much lesser than the minimum order size it is.As we have seen all the forecasted demands are greater than 600 and therefore there will not be much of an issue. A typical scenario is when the demand is i n between the minimum order and the double the minimum order. For such a situation we will have to further analyze. We cannot blindly order the minimum both times not can we split the demand into half. In such a situation we have to choose a combination of both factories. *Effect of reducing minimum order quantities on profits* If there is reduction in the minimum order quantities, then it would be profitable only in case of Hong Kong.There may not be a big difference in profitability if China lowers its minimum order quantity. The reason being, if the company selects China for its order, it is probable that the order is of bulk quantity. Hence, the minimum would not matter for bulk orders. As discussed earlier, it is a good idea to choose Hong Kong for quick and small orders. Hence, if Hong Kong lowers its minimum order quantity, then the number of orders with low quantities will increase for Hong Kong because, Hong Kong produces the product in half the time as China.Hence, minimu m order quantities are directly related to quick orders, which implies, if there is a reduction in minimum order quantity in Hong Kong, then it is profitable than the minimum order quantity reduction in China. Thus when we have to choose a location based on the aspect of reducing the minimum order quantities, we must go ahead with Hong Kong as it is more profitable than reducing minimum order size in China. *Increasing the capacity to react to observed demand* The second order happens immediately after the Las Vegas show.Hence, to improve the capacity to react for the demand, more number of resources need to work for gathering and capturing the market ASAP during the trade show. This would marginally affect the order date, by increasing the time for Obersport to deliver to sport Obermeyer. But, at that moment, every moment is highly crucial. Once, Obersport is asked to deliver on a prior date, the retailers have the chance to start selling the products at an earlier date. From a pro fitability point of view, it may not affect a major percentage of profit. But, gaining every penny is the motto of a business.Hence, the capacity to observed demand if increased might result in improved profits. Thus Obermeyer should hire extra resources for this job. Improving Performance Effectively and efficiently forecasting the demand will be the key factor in improving the performance of Obermeyer another important point would be to reduce the lead time. These two aspects will ensure that when retailers are in the peak sales period and request for replenishment of stock, Obermeyer is in a position to do the needful. Reducing lead time is the easiest to control and will help a lot in improving the performance.Moreover, Obermeyer can also restrict its suppliers (fabric etc) to one to two suppliers. Finally, Obermeyer should define the functionality of Obersport. Obersport should be restricted to can be in charge of sewing and cutting the clothes. Shipping and handling can be tak en care by another smaller company so that it will be more efficient and timesaving. Sourcing in China versus Hong Kong Although the time taken for production in china is higher compared to Hong Kong, Sport Obermeyer should give the larger proportion of orders to china, to save labor costs.There are orders which need lesser quantity in lesser time. The urgent orders from retailers can be diverted to HK to save time and business. Hence, as decided previously by the company, over 50% of the orders can be given to China. Bibliography http//www. hbs. edu/research/facpubs/workingpapers/papers2/0102/02-024. pdf http//www2. isye. gatech. edu/sman/courses/2030/Newsvendor. pdf http//www. slideshare. net/glenferry/sport-obermeyer? src=related_normal&rel=708013